Ancient Egyptian Chronology

Year 22 of Ahmose in the chronology by Hornung et al. (1517 BCE) is closest to the peak of the weighted average, indicating that the radiocarbon dating straw results are most supportive of younger historical chronologies for Ahmose.

“Year 22 of Ahmose in the historical chronology by Hornung et al. [76], i.e.,1517 BCE, is closest to this peak result, indicating again that our radiocarbon dating “straw” results of the mudbrick are most supportive of the younger historical chronologies regarding Ahmose.”

The low historical chronologies by Krauss and Warburton (1502 BCE) and Hornung et al. (1517 BCE) for Ahmose year 22 are nearest to the calibrated radiocarbon date of both peaks of GrA-64347.

“Taking into account that mudbrick fabrication probably occurred around year 22 of Ahmose’s reign [80,111,112], the low historical chronologies by Krauss and Warburton [89] and Hornung et al. [76], respectively 1502 BCE [89] and 1517 BCE [76] for Ahmose year 22, are nearest to the calibrated radiocarbon date of both peaks.”

Low chronology historical options for year 22 of Ahmose, 1502 BCE [89] and 1517 BCE [76], appear closest to the high probability peaks in the calibration graph of the pure straw fragment.

“Low chronology historical options for year 22 of Amose (Table 2), 1502 BCE [89] and 1517 BCE [76], appear closest to these high probability peaks in the calibration graph.”

Most Egyptian history is currently underpinned by astronomical data, king-lists, and other official records on papyri and stone, which are open to multiple interpretations and have led to chronological ambiguity.

“Currently, most Egyptian history is underpinned by astronomical data, king-lists, and other official records on papyri and stone [21], which are open to multiple interpretations and have led to chronological ambiguity.”

The Old Kingdom chronological models, comprising 33 radiocarbon dates, reaffirm the High chronological estimates achieved previously and rule out the Low chronological position at 95% probability.

“Even though our chronological models are the most comprehensive ever constructed for this period (33 14C dates), our results act to reaffirm the High chronological estimates achieved previously (Fig 1) [43]. Indeed, the Low chronological position (blue vertical line in Fig 1) [21] is ruled out at 95% probability.”