The Archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant

May combine two claims.

BWW was found in considerable quantities in upper Jordan Valley sites (particularly at Hazor), and in tombs in the Jezreel, Jordan and Biqa' Valleys.

“BWW was found in considerable quantities in upper Jordan Valley sites (particularly at Hazor), and in tombs in the Jezreel, Jordan and Biqa' Valleys.”

• cites [71]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

'En Ziq was built on a broad terrace overlooking a seasonal riverbed, at a point where the high water table allowed easy access to subsurface runoff from the nearby springs.

“'En Ziq was built on a broad terrace overlooking a seasonal riverbed, at a point where the high water table allowed easy access to subsurface runoff from the nearby springs.78”

• cites [78]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The eighty huts of Be'er Resisim are huddled together on a narrow, rocky ridge, a few hundred meters away from the small Well of the Dewdrops.

“The eighty huts of this site are huddled together on a narrow, rocky ridge, a few hundred meters away from the small Well of the Dewdrops, after which the site is named”

May combine two claims.

At both 'En Ziq and Be'er Resisim, ceramics originating in central and southern Transjordan account for 50-60 percent of the total samples studied, with the remainder split between the Judean hills, the central Negev, and the northern Negev or southern plains.

“At both sites, ceramics originating in central and southern Transjordan account for 50–60 percent of the total samples studied (a bias toward the sampling of red-slipped wares, some of which could date to EB III, has probably inflated the true proportion, in this case), with the remainder being split between the Judean hills, the central Negev (most likely, the Har Yeroham workshop) and the northe”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Major cemeteries include those near the mounds of Jericho, Megiddo, Bet Shean, Lachish, 'Ajjul and Bab edh-Dhra'; coastal cemeteries at Azor, Yehud, Bet Dagan, Ma'abarot and 'Ein Assawir; Jordan Valley cemeteries at Hagosherim, Tel 'Amal, Tiwal ash-Sharqi and Wadi al-Hammah; and the central hill cemeteries of 'Ain Samiya/Dhahr Mirzbaneh, el-Jib, Efrata, Kirmil and Jebel Qa'aqir.

“Major cemeteries include those near the mounds of Jericho, Megiddo, Bet Shean, Lachish, 'Ajjul and Bab edh-Dhra';89 coastal cemeteries at Azor, Yehud, Bet Dagan, Ma'abarot and 'Ein Assawir;90 Jordan Valley cemeteries at Hagosherim, Tel 'Amal, Tiwal ash-Sharqi and Wadi al-Hammah;91 and the central hill cemeteries of 'Ain Samiya/Dhahr Mirzbaneh, el-Jib, Efrata, Kirmil and Jebel Qa'aqir.92”

• cites [89]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [90]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [91]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The main phase of activity at Khirbet Hamra Ifdan (KHI) is the earlier phase, which spans the twenty-sixth to twenty-fifth centuries and has a ceramic inventory that lacks IBA characteristics.

“The main relevant production site in Wadi Feinan is Khirbet Hamra Ifdan (KHI), which has already been described in Chapter 3 as an EB III site, and indeed the main phase of activity at KHI is the earlier phase, which spans the twenty-sixth to twenty-fifth centuries and which has a ceramic inventory that lacks IBA characteristics.”

May combine two claims.

'En Ziq is the largest site, with more than 200 structures covering about 2 hectares on a terrace above a seasonal stream, a short distance away from the oasis of 'En Ziq and 'En Shaviv.

“Largest is 'En Ziq, with more than 200 structures covering about 2 hectares on a terrace above a seasonal stream, a short distance away from the oasis of 'En Ziq and 'En Shaviv.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The seeming disparity between extensive cemeteries and an impoverished settlement landscape gave rise to many social and historical models that viewed the IBA as a period of widespread nomadization.

“The seeming disparity between extensive cemeteries and an impoverished settlement landscape gave rise to many social and historical models that viewed the IBA as a period of widespread nomadization.94”

• cites [94]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Each fortified town of the EB III took its own path to abandonment: some were abandoned early and others late; some augmented their fortifications to the bitter end, while others dispensed with fortifications and established themselves as centralized manorial estates.

“As we saw in Chapter 3, each of the fortified towns of the EB III took its own path to abandonment: some were abandoned early, and others late; some appear to have devoted enormous energies to augmenting their fortifications, right to the bitter end, while others dispensed with fortifications and seem to have established themselves as centralized manorial estates.”

May combine two claims.

The 'dagger' tombs are small tombs where articulated adult skeletons (all male, when identified), placed on their right side, are provided with daggers and an occasional personal ornament, but no pottery.

“The former are small tombs where articulated adult skeletons (all male, when identified), placed on their right side, are provided with daggers and an occasional personal ornament, but no pottery”

May combine two claims.

At Tel Lachish, the site was completely abandoned, with IBA occupation reemerging on a hill just northwest of the mound, within view of it.

“A slightly different path was taken at Tel Lachish, which had a robust, though largely unexcavated, EB III settlement: here, the site was completely abandoned, with IBA occupation reemerging on a hill just northwest of the mound, within view of it.33”

• cites [33]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Egyptian connections to the EB III southern Levant had largely been severed, as Egypt cultivated sea routes to Byblos and the north Levantine coast.

“Egyptian connections had largely been severed, as Egypt cultivated the sea routes to Byblos and the north Levantine coast”

May combine two claims.

Tel Bet Yerah itself was never resettled in the IBA proper and only sporadically in later periods.

“Tel Bet Yerah itself was never resettled in the IBA proper, and only sporadically in later periods.”

May combine two claims.

The large IBA village of Sha'ar Hagolan was established a few kilometers south of Bet Yerah, virtually reproducing the layout of the "terminal EBA" quarter at Bet Yerah and exhibiting a rich assemblage of well-made IBA ceramics.

“Only a few kilometers south of Bet Yerah, at the far end of the sameKinrot valley that sustained the former town, the large IBA village of Sha'ar Hagolan was established, virtually reproducing the layout of the “terminal EBA” quarter at Bet Yerah and exhibiting a rich assemblage of well-made IBA ceramics (see Figure 4.8).32”

• cites [32]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

At Jericho, about 350 adults and 20 subadults were interred in about 360 tombs, presumably over two or three centuries.

“Thus, at Jericho, about 350 adults and 20 subadults (based on counts by Kenyon and Greener)95 were interred in about 360 tombs, presumably over two or three centuries.”

• cites [95]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Negev Highlands results are consistent with a less clearly resolved sequence for Tell Arqa in Lebanon, one of the few Levantine sites with an EB-IB-MB sequence showing only brief gaps, and with new radiocarbon schemes for the third and second millennium Levant.

“These results are consistent with a less clearly resolved sequence for the stratified site of Tell Arqa in Lebanon, one of the few Levantine sites with an EB–IB–MB sequence that shows only brief gaps, and with the new radiocarbon schemes for the third and second millennium Levant.11”

• cites [11]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tel Yarmuth was abandoned for the duration of the IBA and beyond, with small IBA settlements and cemeteries established just out of sight of the mound, 1-2 kilometers to the northeast.

“Similarly, the town of Tel Yarmuth was abandoned for the duration of the IBA (and beyond), with small IBA settlements and cemeteries established just out of sight of the mound, 1–2 kilometers to the northeast.34”

• cites [34]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The faunal assemblages of both 'En Ziq and Be'er Resisim are dominated by sheep/goat, with evidence for some small-scale hunting or trapping at Be'er Resisim.

“The faunal assemblages of both 'En Ziq and Be'er Resisim are dominated by sheep/goat, with evidence for some small-scale hunting or trapping at Be'er Resisim.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A single modeled radiocarbon sequence from Tell Abu an-Niaj in the Jordan Valley reportedly spans the entire second half of the third millennium.

“A single modeled radiocarbon sequence from Tell Abu an-Niaj in the Jordan Valley – a region in which stratified IBA sites are most common – reportedly spans the entire second half of the third millennium.9”

• cites [9]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Persistent elements of material culture and technological style point to strong links between urban and post-urban populations in most parts of the Levant.

“persistent elements of material culture and technological style point to strong links between the urban and post-urban populations in most parts of the Levant.”

May combine two claims.

Though all these towns or strongholds were deserted by 2400 BCE, several typical trajectories to the creation of the post-urban landscape can be described.

“Thus, though all these towns or strongholds were deserted by 2400 BCE, several typical trajectories to the creation of the post-urban landscape can be described.”

May combine two claims.

Three of the twenty excavated tombs at Ramat Hanadiv contained weapons - a dagger and two mace heads - but no other artifacts.

“Three of the twenty excavated tombs contained weapons – a dagger and two mace heads – but no other artifacts.”

May combine two claims.

By c. 2400 BCE, all sites in the Levant that had shown an EB III presence were abandoned, some indefinitely, others only briefly.

“By c. 2400 BCE, all sites in the Levant that had shown an EB III presence were abandoned, some indefinitely, others only briefly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

More than 100 shaft-tomb cemeteries and untold numbers of above-ground mortuary monuments have made the IBA a byword in the study of Levantine mortuary practice.

“More than 100 shaft-tomb cemeteries and untold numbers of above-ground mortuary monuments have made the IBA a byword in the study of Levantine mortuary practice”

May combine two claims.

The IBA is characterized by an abundance of sites and of cemeteries, both below and above ground.

“The IBA is characterized by an abundance of sites and of cemeteries (both below and above ground).”

May combine two claims.

The new opportunities of the IBA did not lead to the reemergence of centralized polities or to aggregations of wealth.

“As will be seen, these new opportunities did not lead to the reemergence of centralized polities or to aggregations of wealth.”

May combine two claims.

The southern facies presents a typically sandy external aspect, verging to green in some coastal industries, and rarely carries any vestiges of painted decoration, but only occasional stippled, combed or incised patterns.

“It presents a typically sandy external aspect, verging to green in some coastal industries, and rarely carries any vestiges of painted decoration, but only occasional stippled, combed or incised patterns.”

May combine two claims.

They also bear the imprint of cultural transmission, since a similar set was adopted broadly in western Syria in the mid-third millennium, and certain stylistic flourishes - as well as a complete repertoire of specialized vessels (the black wheelmade ware of the Biqa' and northern Jordan Valley) - can be shown to travel from north to south.

“But they also bear the imprint of cultural transmission, since a similar set was adopted broadly in western Syria in the mid-third millennium, and certain stylistic flourishes – as well as a complete repertoire of specialized vessels (the black wheelmade ware of the Biqa' and northern Jordan Valley) – can be shown to travel from north to south.”

• cites [67]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In all cases, burials were a singular event, probably conducted soon after death, but they created a highly visible mark in the landscape that could serve as the focus of commemorative performances, attract additional burials and signal territorial claims.

“In all cases, burials were a singular event, probably conducted soon after death, but they created a highly visible mark in the landscape that could serve as the focus of commemorative performances, attract additional burials and signal territorial claims.103”

• cites [103]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Now, for the first time, wool- and hide-producing herds were to be managed as an economic venture, rather than as a mode of subsistence, and this could be best effected outside the agricultural zone, along the eastern margins and in the Negev Highlands.

“Now, for the first time, wool- and hide-producing herds were to be managed as an economic venture, rather than as a mode of subsistence, and this could be best effected outside the agricultural zone, along the eastern margins and in the Negev Highlands.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This probably occurred when villages grew and created pressure on the lands in their immediate environs.

“This probably occurred when villages grew and created pressure on the lands in their immediate environs.”

May combine two claims.

The IBA reorientation affected the entire ambit of Levantine culture and is clearly graded: areas nearer urbanized western Syria show the greatest impact, while areas to the south reflect the attrition of distance and the effects of transmission, reinterpretation, and reintegration of Syrian concepts into south Levantine practice.

“While this reorientation affected the entire ambit of Levantine culture, it is clearly graded: areas nearer to urbanized western Syria show the greatest impact, while areas to the south reflect the attrition of distance and the effects of transmission, reinterpretation, and reintegration of Syrian concepts into south Levantine practice.”

May combine two claims.

The IBA preference for marginal-zone settlement is maintained from start to end of the period and would appear counterintuitive for a dry period, as would the retreat from these zones in the presumably somewhat improved second millennium climate.

“Moreover, the IBA preference for marginal-zone settlement is maintained from start to end of the period (though it is perhaps more pronounced in the earlier centuries) and would appear to be counterintuitive for a dry period, as would the retreat from these zones in the presumably somewhat improved second millennium climate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The site of Har Yeroham might be considered the southernmost instance of IBA agricultural settlement, utilizing a favorable niche in the Yeroham basin.

“It was suggested earlier that the site of Har Yeroham might be considered the southernmost instance of IBA agricultural settlement, utilizing a favorable niche in the Yeroham basin.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Ceramic production was integral to village life in the IBA and was one of the modes of post-urban regeneration.

“Ceramic production was integral to village life in the IBA and was one of the modes of post-urban regeneration.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These tombs were sealed with large slabs and never reentered, though they were probably visible on the surface.

“These tombs were sealed with large slabs and never reentered, though they were probably visible on the surface.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Western Syria, as far as the Euphrates Valley and beyond, was dominated by the Kingdom of Ebla in the Early Bronze IVA (c. 2500-2300 BCE).

“Western Syria, as far as the Euphrates Valley and even beyond it, was dominated by the Kingdom of Ebla in the Early Bronze IVA (c. 2500–2300 BCE).”

May combine two claims.

Ritual was confined to the domestic sphere, including mortuary ritual; this is in sharp contrast to the collective ethos of the EBA as expressed in its temple complexes as well as in its collective cave tombs and charnel houses.

“Ritual was confined to the domestic sphere, including – as I shall try to demonstrate below – mortuary ritual; this is in sharp contrast to the collective ethos of the EBA as expressed in its temple complexes as well as in its collective cave tombs and charnel houses.”

May combine two claims.

Multiple lines of proxy evidence from ice cores, lake bottoms, and cave speleothems across the northern hemisphere converge in indicating a significant and prolonged drought between roughly 2200 and 1900 BCE, caused by anomalies in the North Atlantic Oscillation, which is responsible for the Mediterranean westerlies that deliver precipitation in areas directly relevant to the Levant.

“Multiple lines of proxy evidence (extracted from ice cores, lake bottoms, and cave speleothems across the northern hemisphere) converge in indicating a significant and prolonged drought, caused by anomalies in the North Atlantic Oscillation, which is responsible for the Mediterranean westerlies that deliver precipitation in areas directly relevant to the Levant.15”

• cites [15]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The earlier phase at KHI produced casting molds for pins, axes and ingots, which could indeed have been sent westward to the first settlers in the highland sites.

“It is this phase that produced casting molds for pins, axes and ingots, which could indeed have been sent westward to the first settlers in the highland sites (Figure 4.11).84”

• cites [84]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Where urban power was expressed through collective labor and monumental construction, village houses reflected the labor power of the nuclear or extended family alone, and no public construction was attempted.

“where urban power was expressed through collective labor and monumental construction, village houses reflected the labor power of the nuclear or extended family alone, and no public construction was attempted.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The archaeological record is complete enough to detect public construction in IBA villages.

May combine two claims.

These sites had no productive capacity, but were avid consumers of local (food) and imported (ceramic) resources.

“They had no productive capacity, but were avid consumers of local (food) and imported (ceramic) resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Fragile Crescent Project describes that the spread of an intensive wool economy in the Levant in the second half of the third millennium replaced linen by wool, freeing arable land for staple agriculture, while fiber production moved to marginal zones better suited for sheep husbandry.

“The Fragile Crescent Project conducted in Syria describes, in detail, the ramifications of the spread of an intensive wool economy in the Levant in the second half of the third millennium: the replacement of linen by wool freed considerable tracts of arable land for staple agriculture, whereas the production of fibers moved to the marginal zones, better suited for sheep husbandry.3”

• cites [3]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In Transjordan, the transition from EB III was less accentuated in social terms than in the west, and the old red-slipped tradition was carried over to the IBA with only slight changes in form in the earliest phase.

“In Transjordan, where the transition from EB III was less accentuated, in social terms, than in the west, the old red-slipped tradition was carried over to the IBA, with only slight changes in form seen in the earliest phase”

May combine two claims.

The absence of modeled radiocarbon sequences is a product of shifts in settlement patterns at the beginning and end of the IBA and of the tendency of IBA settlements to relocate every few decades, resulting in many sites and cemeteries spread across the landscape rather than superimposed.

“The absence of such sequences is a product of the shifts in settlement patterns that characterize the beginning and end of the period, as well as the tendency of IBA settlements to relocate every few decades, which results in a wealth of sites and cemeteries spread across the landscape rather than superimposed on one another.”

May combine two claims.

The post-urban settlement of the IBA should be viewed as a response to the stresses and excesses of urbanizing trends and as a risk-minimizing strategy that expanded the resource base for a more dispersed population.

“it should be viewed as a response to the stresses and excesses of the urbanizing trends that had affected large parts of the Levant, and as a risk-minimizing strategy that expanded the resource base for a more dispersed population.”

May combine two claims.

The dynamics of settlement in the semi-arid margins are, in part, an extension of IBA Mediterranean-zone dynamics and new economic opportunities, and in part an expression of the terminal stage of the long-lived, local Timnian tradition.

“The excavations suggest that the dynamics of settlement in the semi-arid margins are, in part, an extension of IBA Mediterranean-zone dynamics and new economic opportunities, and in part an expression of the terminal stage of the long-lived, local Timnian tradition.”

• cites [74]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Since local copper, familiar from the Wadi Arabah production sites and the Negev Highlands ingots, contains only traces of arsenic, the presence of arsenical alloys suggests input from northern copper sources.

“Since local copper, familiar from the Wadi Arabah production sites and the Negev Highlands ingots, contains only traces of arsenic, the presence of arsenical alloys suggests input from northern copper sources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

This hypothesis may be the most parsimonious explanation for all the elements comprising the IBA settlement surge in the Negev.

“This hypothesis may be the most parsimonious explanation for all the elements comprising the IBA settlement surge in the Negev.”

May combine two claims.

All components of BWW can be shown to have Syrian antecedents, but the peculiar combination and technique make them a distinct regional type that straddles the interface between the urban and non-urban potting traditions.

“All their components can be shown to have Syrian antecedents, but the peculiar combination and technique make them a distinct regional type that straddles the interface between the urban and non-urban potting traditions.”

• cites [71]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Mortuary treatment and ceremony were more about the reinforcement of communal claims to land and to memory, and less about the reintegration of the dead into the community.

“Thus, mortuary treatment and ceremony were more about the reinforcement of communal claims to land and to memory, and less about the reintegration of the dead into the community.”

May combine two claims.

Jordan Valley IBA assemblages with strong EBA affinities, such as Bet Yerah Period E and Sha'ar Hagolan, lack black wheelmade ware and might represent an earlier ceramic phase between 2500 and 2300 BCE.

“Jordan Valley IBA assemblages with strong EBA affinities, such as Bet Yerah Period E and Sha'ar Hagolan, lack black wheelmade ware, and might represent an earlier ceramic phase, between 2500 and 2300.13”

• cites [13]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Be'er Resisim seems to have had a somewhat longer settlement history than 'En Ziq, resulting in the filling-up of spaces between structures through the addition of rooms and fences.

“Be'er Resisim seems to have had a somewhat longer settlement history than 'En Ziq, resulting in the filling-up of spaces between structures through the addition of rooms and fences.”

May combine two claims.

Where the town constrained housing to nuclear family units, the loose village structure allowed modular expansion for extended families.

“where the town constrained housing to nuclear family units, the loose village structure allowed modular expansion for extended families;”

May combine two claims.

In each case, the erstwhile towns were not forgotten and often continued to serve as a commemorative or territorial resource: small settlements were established within a 2-kilometer radius of the mound and earlier cemeteries were reused, or new cemeteries were established within view where there had been no EBA cemeteries before.

“Yet, in each case, the erstwhile towns were not forgotten and often continued to serve as a commemorative or territorial resource: small settlements were established within a 2-kilometer radius of the mound and earlier cemeteries were reused, or, as was often the case, new cemeteries were established within view, where there had been no EBA cemeteries before.”

May combine two claims.

The "early" EB IV phase is characterized by technological regression in relation to EB III, while the "late" phase provides more substantial regional industries that regain the use of slow-wheel coiling and adopt forms from the Syrian EB IVB sphere.

“The “early” phase is characterized by a technological regression in relation to the EB III, while the “late” phase provides more substantial regional industries that regain the use of slow-wheel coiling and adopt forms from the Syrian EB IVB sphere.”

May combine two claims.

The prolonged urban exodus of EB III should be understood as a redeployment that opened new avenues of opportunity while breaking down the cultural barriers of fortified towns.

“The prolonged urban exodus of EB III should therefore be understood as a redeployment that opened new avenues of opportunity while breaking down the cultural barriers that characterized the ossified landscape of fortified towns.”

May combine two claims.

Few IBA settlement sites are stratified, so their abundance can generally be taken to represent the pattern created by semi- or partially sedentary groups moving through the landscape over the five centuries of the IBA.

“Few settlement sites are stratified, so that their abundance can generally be taken to represent the pattern created by semi- or partially sedentary groups, moving through the landscape over the five centuries of the IBA (Figure 4.1).”

May combine two claims.

Be'er Resisim is substantially the same as 'En Ziq in concept and content, but differs in execution, most likely due to its location and lithology.

“Be'er Resisim, a twice-published excavation,79 is substantially the same as 'En Ziq in concept and content, but differs in execution, most likely due to its location and lithology.”

• cites [79]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The EBA-IBA transition was marked by a significant conceptual rift, which required a fundamental restructuring of society, settlement and production.

“The fact that even sites with an ideal location and a long settlement history before and after the IBA experienced at least a temporary abandonment in the EBA–IBA transition suggests that it was marked by a significant conceptual rift, which required a fundamental restructuring of society, settlement and production.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Rope-decorated pithoi occur in the south, as well as in other regional industries, achieving a quite extraordinary size in some cases - evidence of the agricultural settings of the ceramic industries.

“Rope-decorated pithoi occur in the south, as well as in other regional industries, achieving a quite extraordinary size in some cases – evidence of the agricultural settings of the ceramic industries.”

May combine two claims.

Those industries maintained the technology of EBA ceramic production, while improving its technical quality and changing its decorative and formal priorities.

“Those industries maintained the technology of EBA ceramic production, while improving its technical quality and changing its decorative and formal priorities.”

May combine two claims.

These sites have the character of boomtowns - rapidly built and soon abandoned - that appear in conjunction with the discovery or development of previously untapped resources.

“Rather, they have the character of boomtowns – rapidly built and soon abandoned – that appear in conjunction with the discovery or development of previously untapped resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A trough between the two chambers of the 'Enan tomb contained a group of spearheads.

“A trough between the two chambers contained, among other things, a group of spearheads.”

• cites [113]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Closest to Type A are shaft tombs containing primary burials of males with daggers that provide evidence for a more extended ritual, or of several burial episodes.

“Closest to Type A are shaft tombs containing primary burials of males with daggers that provide evidence for a more extended ritual, or of several burial episodes.”

• cites [109]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [110]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the 'Enan tomb, the males were provided with daggers and a whetstone, and the female with rings, bracelets and a 49.5-centimeter-long toggle pin.

“Here too, the males were provided with daggers and a whetstone, and the female with rings, bracelets and a 49.5-centimeter-long toggle pin.”

• cites [113]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Two scenes are depicted on the 'Ain Samiya goblet.

“Two scenes are depicted.”

• cites [127]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The better-preserved of the two Deganya tombs contained six primary burials - three adult males, an elderly female and two children - accompanied by a single spouted pot and three daggers, one of them made of tin bronze.

“The better-preserved of the two contained six primary burials – three adult males, an elderly female and two children – accompanied by a single spouted pot and three daggers, one of them of made of tin bronze.”

• cites [112]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

There are several additional examples of tombs with multiple primary burials where males were provided with daggers - often of tin bronze that could have been obtained only in Syria - but were interred alongside others, in tombs that were clearly reentered periodically and which served as a venue of rituals that included pouring and consumption of beverages.

“There are several additional examples of tombs with multiple primary burials where males were provided with daggers – often of tin bronze that could have been obtained only in Syria – but were interred alongside others, in tombs that were clearly reentered periodically and which served as a venue of rituals that included pouring and consumption of beverages.”

• cites [114]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tomb 1 at Horshim, on the coastal plain, contained three primary burials, one of which was provided with a tin bronze dagger.

“Tomb 1 at Horshim, on the coastal plain, contained three primary burials, one of which was provided with a tin bronze dagger.”

• cites [110]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

By the end of this process, the individual has been completely subsumed in the ancestral group and can no longer be identified.

“By the end of this process, the individual has been completely subsumed in the ancestral group and can no longer be identified.”

May combine two claims.

These include prestige objects directly imported from the north (such as silver and bronze jewelry and weapons), Syrian-inspired ceramic technologies, and the emulation, in local technologies, of Syrian ceramic forms.

“These include prestige objects directly imported from the north (such as silver and bronze jewelry and weapons), Syrian-inspired ceramic technologies, and the emulation, in local technologies, of Syrian ceramic forms.”

May combine two claims.

Continuing work on the pastoral economy of Ebla and its neighbors indicates that wool and textiles were at the heart of the northwest Syrian economy, suggesting a knock-on effect in the Levantine margins that would have elevated the prestige of local potentates controlling large herds of sheep.

“Continuing work on the pastoral economy of Ebla and its neighbors indicates that wool and textiles were at the heart of the northwest Syrian economy, suggesting a knock-on effect in the Levantine margins that would have elevated the prestige of local potentates controlling large herds of sheep.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Where there were more family members available to assist in the preparation of the tomb, or more participants in, or iterations of, the burial rites, we may find larger tombs or bigger inventories.

“Where there were more family members available to assist in the preparation of the tomb, or more participants in, or iterations of, the burial rites, we may find larger tombs or bigger inventories.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ceramics in the 'Enan tomb included cups, teapots and broad-spouted pouring vessels, or askoi, in addition to the other types.

“Ceramics here included cups, teapots and broad-spouted pouring vessels, or askoi, in addition to the other types.”

• cites [113]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Cemeteries reproduced tribal or familial relationships and reestablished the centrality of ancestral claims.

“Cemeteries reproduced tribal or familial relationships and reestablished the centrality of ancestral claims”

May combine two claims.

These seem to be remnants of mortuary feasts, perhaps associated with the collection and redistribution of bones of the dead in the process of secondary interment.

“These seem to be remnants of mortuary feasts, perhaps associated with the collection and redistribution of bones of the dead in the process of secondary interment.”

May combine two claims.

In Tomb 3 at Hazorea', no articulated skeletal remains were found, but only numerous bone fragments that carpeted the central room and extended into the two lateral chambers.

“no articulated skeletal remains were found, but only numerous bone fragments that carpeted the central room and extended into the two lateral chambers”

• cites [107]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tomb 3 at Hazorea' is the largest and best preserved of the tombs at Hazorea'.

“In Tomb 3, the largest and best preserved of the tombs at Hazorea'”

• cites [107]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The human faces, serpent and sun-disk are shared between the two scenes, which might therefore be interpreted to represent two sequential states within a single narrative.

“The human faces, serpent and sun-disk are shared between the two scenes, which might therefore be interpreted to represent two sequential states within a single narrative.”

May combine two claims.

Finds in Tomb 3 consisted of a large collection of ceramics, including thirty-eight jugs, thirty teapots, a cooking pot and several other containers, and several simple flint flake and blade tools.

“finds consisted of a large collection of ceramics, among them thirty-eight jugs, thirty teapots, a cooking pot and several other containers, and several simple flint flake and blade tools.”

• cites [107]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The many local variations visible in cemeteries are doubtless a reflection of the length of the period, the diversity of regional identities (as expressed, for example, in the ceramic industries) and the fact that the mortuary tradition had to be reinvented after the EB II and III, when familial and tribal support structures were suppressed.

“The many local variations visible in cemeteries are doubtless a reflection of the length of the period, the diversity of regional identities (as expressed, for example, in the ceramic industries) and the fact that the mortuary tradition had to be reinvented after the EB II and III, when familial and tribal support structures were suppressed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The physical affordances of the coastal lithology might have affected the choice of burial patterns.

“suggesting that the physical affordances of the coastal lithology might have affected the choice of burial patterns.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A very prominent mortuary culture, often encircling abandoned mounds, appears to represent lingering territorial claims of an earlier era.

“A very prominent mortuary culture, often encircling abandoned mounds, appears to represent lingering territorial claims of an earlier era.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One of the lateral chambers in Tomb 3 was furnished with benches.

“one of which was furnished with benches”

• cites [107]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The 'Ain Samiya cup may have originated in EB III 'Ai, to be eventually deposited as an heirloom in the nearby IBA cemetery.

“The 'Ain Samiya cup may thus have originated in EB III 'Ai, to be eventually deposited as an heirloom in the nearby IBA cemetery.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: A long line of transmission – or an extended biography – for the 'Ain Samiya goblet.

May combine two claims.

The prolonged rite of passage consists of: (1) primary defleshing (outside the tomb), (2) disarticulation and collection, (3) deposition in tomb and (4) fragmentation and mingling with ancestral remains.

“(1) primary defleshing (outside the tomb), (2) disarticulation and collection, (3) deposition in tomb and (4) fragmentation and mingling with ancestral remains.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the scene conventionally depicted on the left, a figure with two human faces in profile, set atop a frontal human torso, which itself rests on two pairs of bulls' hindquarters, again in profile, and a small sun-disk, wards off a rearing serpent with a plant-like staff.

“In the scene conventionally depicted on the left, a figure with two human faces in profile, set atop a frontal human torso, which itself rests on two pairs of bulls' hindquarters, again in profile, and a small sun-disk, wards off a rearing serpent with a plant-like staff”

• cites [127]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This would indicate that the collective identity, represented by all those interred in each cemetery, was still a powerful force, competing with the familial one.

“This would indicate that the collective identity, represented by all those interred in each cemetery, was still a powerful force, competing with the familial one.”

May combine two claims.

A bilobate tomb at 'Enan contained, in one chamber, a single adult male in primary articulation, accompanied by five daggers, apparently all of tin-bronze, a whetstone, a spearhead, an arrowhead, three copper pins, and ceramic lamps, amphoriskoi, jars and cooking pots.

“A bilobate tomb at 'Enan contained, in one chamber, a single adult male in primary articulation, accompanied by five daggers, apparently all of tin-bronze, a whetstone, a spearhead, an arrowhead, three copper pins, and ceramic lamps, amphoriskoi, jars and cooking pots.”

• cites [113]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Such installations would have served both as a visible marker of the subsurface tombs on the hillslopes and as a possible venue for the pre-burial rites.

“Such installations would have served both as a visible marker of the subsurface tombs on the hillslopes and as a possible venue for the pre-burial rites.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the scene conventionally shown to the right, two human figures clad in woolen garments hold a crescent-shaped object that appears to define a celestial sphere, in which a large human-featured sun-disk is shown, and a nether sphere, to which the serpent is relegated.

“in the scene conventionally shown to the right, two human figures clad in woolen garments hold a crescent-shaped object that appears to define a celestial sphere, in which a large human-featured sun-disk is shown, and a nether sphere, to which the serpent is relegated.”

• cites [127]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.