Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor stimulation increases blood pressure and heart rate and activates autonomic regulatory neurons

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Exendin-4 is a high potency agonist and truncated exendin-(9-39)-amide an antagonist at the glucagon-like peptide 1-(7-36)-amide receptor of insulin-secreting beta-cells.

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Leptin Activates Hypothalamic CART Neurons Projecting to the Spinal Cord

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A functional anatomical analysis of central pathways subserving the effects of interleukin-1 on stress-related neuroendocrine neurons

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A general pattern of CNS innervation of the sympathetic outflow demonstrated by transneuronal pseudorabies viral infections

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Repurposing anti-diabetic drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Rationale and clinical experience

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Exendin-4 induces myocardial protection through MKK3 and Akt-1 in infarcted hearts

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Brain GLP-1 Signaling Regulates Femoral Artery Blood Flow and Insulin Sensitivity Through Hypothalamic PKC-δ

Cabou, C., Vachoux, C., Campistron, G., Drucker, D. J., & Burcelin, R. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-0464 · Cited by 43

A Possible Role of GLP-1 in the Pathophysiology of Early Dumping Syndrome

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SGLT2 inhibitors and the autonomic nervous system in diabetes: A promising challenge to better understand multiple target improvement

Spallone, V., & Valensi, P. E. (2021) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2021.101224 · Cited by 44

Insulin- and glucagon-like peptide-1-induced changes in heart rate and vagosympathetic activity: why they matter

Valensi, P. E., Chiheb, S., & Fysekidis, M. (2013) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2909-x · Cited by 41

Effect of Liraglutide on Cardiovascular Function and Myocardial Tissue Characteristics in Type 2 Diabetes Patients of South Asian Descent Living in the Netherlands: A Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial

Paiman, E. H. M., van Eyk, H. J., van Aalst, M., Bizino, M. B., van der Geest, R. J., Westenberg, J. J. M., Geelhoed-Duijvestijn, P. H. L. M., Kharagjitsingh, A. V., Rensen, P. C. N., Smit, J. W. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.27009 · Cited by 42

Extraglycemic effects of glp-1-based therapeutics: Addressing metabolic and cardiovascular risks associated with type 2 diabetes

Herzlinger, S., & Horton, E. S. (2013) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2012.11.009 · Cited by 43

Effect of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Autonomic Function in Subjects with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Greco, C., Santi, D., Brigante, G., Pacchioni, C., & Simoni, M. (2022) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2021.0314 · Cited by 41

From metabolism to mind: The expanding role of the GLP-1 receptor in neurotherapeutics

Roy, A., Dawson, V. L., & Dawson, T. M. (2025) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.neurot.2025.e00712 · Cited by 43

Pleiotropic Actions of the Incretin Hormones

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GLP-1: benefits beyond pancreas

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Spinally projecting preproglucagon axons preferentially innervate sympathetic preganglionic neurons

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Cardiovascular effects of GLP‐1 and GLP‐1‐based therapies: implications for the cardiovascular continuum in diabetes?

Burgmaier, M., Heinrich, C., & Marx, N. (2012) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03746.x · Cited by 39

G lucagon‐Like Peptide‐1 Receptor in the Brain: Role in Neuroendocrine Control of Energy Metabolism and Treatment Target for Obesity

Lockie, S. H. (2013) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12039 · Cited by 38

The effects of GLP-1 analogues in obese, insulin-using type 2 diabetes in relation to eating behaviour

de Boer, S. A., Lefrandt, J. D., Petersen, J. F., Boersma, H. H., Mulder, D. J., & Hoogenberg, K. (2015) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-015-0219-8 · Cited by 39

Effects of Exogenous Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 on the Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Mesenteric Blood Flow, and Glycemic Responses to Intraduodenal Glucose in Healthy Older Subjects

Trahair, L. G., Horowitz, M., Hausken, T., Feinle‐Bisset, C., Rayner, C. K., & Jones, K. L. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2475 · Cited by 39

Oral GLP-1 analogue: perspectives and impact on atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients

Saraiva, J. F. K., & Franco, D. R. (2021) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-021-01417-0 · Cited by 39

Endogenous Cardioprotective Agents: Role in Pre and Postconditioning

Penna, C. R. R., Granata, R., Tocchetti, C. G., Gallo, M. P., Alloatti, G., & Pagliaro, P. (2015) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1389450116666150309115536 · Cited by 37

Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1 Receptor Agonist Administration Suppresses Both Water and Saline Intake in Rats

McKay, N. J., & Daniels, D. (2013) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12086 · Cited by 37

Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 on the Reproductive Axis in Healthy Men

Izzi‐Engbeaya, C. N., Jones, S., Crustna, Y., Machenahalli, P. C., Papadopoulou, D., Modi, M., Panayi, C., Starikova, J., Eng, P. C., Phylactou, M., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa072 · Cited by 36

PPG neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract modulate heart rate but do not mediate GLP-1 receptor agonist-induced tachycardia in mice

Holt, M. K., Cook, D. R., Brierley, D. I., Richards, J. E., Reimann, F. M., Gourine, A. V., Marina, N., & Trapp, S. (2020) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101024 · Cited by 35

Functional activity of murine intestinal mucosal cells is regulated by the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor

Kedees, M. H., Guz, Y., Grigoryan, M., & Teitelman, G. (2013) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.022 · Cited by 35

Glucagon-like peptide-1 modulates synaptic transmission to identified pancreas-projecting vagal motoneurons

Wan, S., Browning, K. N., & Travagli, R. A. (2007) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2007.08.016 · Cited by 34

Incretin Therapies: Effects Beyond Glycemic Control

Mudaliar, S. R. D., & Henry, R. R. (2009) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.03.014 · Cited by 35

Exendin-4 ameliorates cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury via caveolae and caveolins-3

Tsutsumi, Y. M., Tsutsumi, R., Hamaguchi, E., Sakai, Y., Kasai, A., Ishikawa, Y., Yokoyama, U., & Tanaka, K. (2014) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-014-0132-9 · Cited by 35

Dipeptidyl‐Peptidase 4 Inhibition and the Vascular Effects of Glucagon‐like Peptide‐1 and Brain Natriuretic Peptide in the Human Forearm

Devin, J. K., Pretorius, M., Nian, H., Yu, C., Billings, F. T., & Brown, N. J. (2014) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.114.001075 · Cited by 35

Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 as a New Target of Action for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

Wani, J. H., John‐Kalarickal, J., & Fonseca, V. A. (2008) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2008.06.008 · Cited by 35

Metabolically-inactive glucagon-like peptide-1(9–36)amide confers selective protective actions against post-myocardial infarction remodelling

Robinson, E., Tate, M., Lockhart, S. M., McPeake, C., O’Neill, K. M., Edgar, K. S., Calderwood, D., Green, B. D., McDermott, B. J., & Grieve, D. (2016) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-016-0386-5 · Cited by 35

Serotonergic modulation of the activity of GLP-1 producing neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract in mouse

Holt, M. K., Llewellyn‐Smith, I. J., Reimann, F. M., Gribble, F. M., & Trapp, S. (2017) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.002 · Cited by 33

Does glucagon-like peptide-1 induce diuresis and natriuresis by modulating afferent renal nerve activity?

Katsurada, K., Nandi, S. S., Sharma, N. M., Zheng, H., Liu, X., & Patel, K. P. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00028.2019 · Cited by 36

Effect of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in the Cardiometabolic Complications in a Rat Model of Postmenopausal PCOS

Fernandez, E. D. T., Huffman, A. M., Syed, M., Romero, D. G., & Cardozo, L. L. Y. (2019) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2019-00450 · Cited by 35

Cardiovascular effects of antidiabetic agents: focus on blood pressure effects of incretin-based therapies

Brown, N. J. (2012) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2012.02.003 · Cited by 34

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Counteracts Oxidative Stress-Dependent Apoptosis of Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells by Inhibiting the Activation of the c-Jun N-terminal Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway

Laviola, L., Leonardini, A., Melchiorre, M., Orlando, M. R., Peschechera, A., Bortone, A. S., Paparella, D., Natalicchio, A., Perrini, S., & Giorgino, F. (2012) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2012-1461 · Cited by 35

GLP-1 Therapy

Hausenloy, D. J., & Yellon, D. M. (2008) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.108.810887 · Cited by 35

The locus coeruleus contributes to the anorectic, nausea, and autonomic physiological effects of glucagon-like peptide-1

Fortin, S. M., Chen, J. C., Petticord, M. C., Ragozzino, F. J., Peters, J. H., & Hayes, M. R. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh0980 · Cited by 32

The effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptydilpeptidase-4 inhibitors on blood pressure and cardiovascular complications in diabetes

Yaribeygi, H., Farrokhi, F. R., Abdalla, M. A., Sathyapalan, T., Banach, M., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2021) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2021/6518221 · Cited by 31

Receptor identification and physiological characterisation of glucagon-like peptide-2 in the rat heart

Angelone, T., Filice, E., Quintieri, A. M., Imbrogno, S., Amodio, N., Pasqua, T., Pellegrino, D., Mulè, F., & Cerra, M. C. (2010) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.07.014 · Cited by 32

Gastrointestinal–Renal Axis: Role in the Regulation of Blood Pressure

Yang, J., José, P. A., & Zeng, C. (2017) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.005536 · Cited by 33

Augmentation of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Signalling by Neprilysin Inhibition: Potential Implications for Patients with Heart Failure

Packer, M. (2018) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.1185 · Cited by 33

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) action in the mouse area postrema neurons

Kawatani, M., Yamada, Y., & Kawatani, M. (2018) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2018.07.010 · Cited by 32

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist protects against hyperglycemia-induced cardiocytes injury by inhibiting high mobility group box 1 expression

Cai, Y., Hu, X., Yi, B., Zhang, T., & Wen, Z. (2012) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-012-1961-9 · Cited by 30

Effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition on circadian blood pressure during the development of salt-dependent hypertension in rats

Sufiun, A., Rafiq, K., Fujisawa, Y., Rahman, A., Mori, H., Nakano, D., Kobori, H., Ohmori, K., Masaki, T., Kohno, M., et al. (2015) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2014.173 · Cited by 30

Cardiovascular Actions of GLP-1 and Incretin-Based Pharmacotherapy

Avogaro, A., de Kreutzenberg, S. V., & Fadini, G. P. (2014) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-014-0483-3 · Cited by 30

GLP-1 mediated diuresis and natriuresis are blunted in heart failure and restored by selective afferent renal denervation

Katsurada, K., Nandi, S. S., Zheng, H., Liu, X., Sharma, N. M., & Patel, K. P. (2020) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-020-01029-0 · Cited by 31

An Overview of Similarities and Differences in Metabolic Actions and Effects of Central Nervous System Between Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs) and Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT-2is)

Wen, S., Nguyen, T., Gong, M., Yuan, X., Wang, C., Jin, J., & Zhou, L. (2021) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s312527 · Cited by 34

Nitrergic contribution to gastric relaxation induced by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in healthy adults

Andrews, C. N., Bharucha, A. E., Camilleri, M., Low, P. A., Seide, B. M., Burton, D. D., Baxter, K. L., & Zinsmeister, A. R. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00403.2006 · Cited by 30

GLP-1 Receptor Signaling Differentially Modifies the Outcomes of Sterile vs Viral Pulmonary Inflammation in Male Mice

Sato, T., Shimizu, T., Fujita, H., Imai, Y., Drucker, D. J., Seino, Y., & Yamada, Y. (2020) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaa201 · Cited by 29

GLP-1R activation for the treatment of stroke: Updating and future perspectives

Darsalia, V., Nathanson, D., Nyström, T., Klein, T., Sjöholm, Å., & Patrone, C. (2014) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-014-9285-9 · Cited by 30

Protective Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 on Endothelial Function in Hypertension

Liu, L., Liu, J., & Huang, Y. (2014) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0000000000000176 · Cited by 28

Glucagon-like peptide 1 and the brain: Central actions–central sources?

Trapp, S., & Hisadome, K. (2010) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2010.09.008 · Cited by 30

Race affects insulin and GLP-1 secretion and response to a long-acting somatostatin analogue in obese adults

Velasquez‐Mieyer, P., Umpierrez, G. E., Lustig, R. H., Cashion, A. K., Cowan, P. A., Christensen, M. L., Spencer, K., & Burghen, G. A. (2004) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802561 · Cited by 29

Effects of prolonged exendin-4 administration on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and water balance

Gil‐Lozano, M., Romaní‐Pérez, M., Outeiriño‐Iglesias, V., Vigo, E., Brubaker, P. L., González-Matías, L. C., & Mallo, F. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00529.2012 · Cited by 29

Mechanisms behind GLP-1 induced weight loss

Larsen, P. J. (2008) · The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease · doi:10.1177/1474651408100525 · Cited by 28

Possible involvement of GLP‐1(9–36) in the regional haemodynamic effects of GLP‐1(7–36) in conscious rats

Gardiner, S., March, J., Kemp, P. A., Bennett, T. M., & Dj, B. (2010) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00867.x · Cited by 28

Cardiovascular protective effects of GLP-1: a focus on the MAPK signaling pathway

Zhao, Y.-Y., Chen, L.-H., Huang, L., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Zhu, Y., Qu, S., & Zhang, C. (2021) · Biochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1139/bcb-2021-0365 · Cited by 30

Mechanisms for the cardiovascular effects of glucagon-like peptide-1

Poudyal, H. (2015) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12604 · Cited by 27

Autonomic nervous system‐dependent and ‐independent cardiovascular effects of exendin‐4 infusion in conscious rats

Gardiner, S. M., March, J. E., Kemp, P. A., & Bennett, T. M. (2008) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.75 · Cited by 28

Pleiotropic effects of insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonists: Potential benefits of the association

Cariou, B. (2015) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1262-3636(16)30006-4 · Cited by 30

Gastrointestinal peptides controlling body weight homeostasis

Zerón, H. M., López, M., & Diéguez, C. (2007) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.11.009 · Cited by 29

At the Centennial of Michaelis and Menten, Competing Michaelis–Menten Steps Explain Effect of GLP ‐1 on Blood–Brain Transfer and Metabolism of Glucose

Gejl, M., Rungby, J., Brock, B., & GJEDDE, A. H. (2014) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/bcpt.12240 · Cited by 28

The Efficacy and Tolerability of Exenatide in Comparison to Placebo; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Nikfar, S., Abdollahi, M. R., & Salari, P. (2011) · Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.18433/j3g883 · Cited by 27

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors and sexual behaviors in male mice

Vestlund, J., & Jerlhag, E. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104687 · Cited by 31

GLP-1-induced renal vasodilation in rodents depends exclusively on the known GLP-1 receptor and is lost in prehypertensive rats

Jensen, E. P., Møller, S., Hviid, A. V., Veedfald, S., Holst, J. J., Pedersen, J., Ørskov, C., & Sørensen, C. M. (2020) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00579.2019 · Cited by 27

Glucagon-like peptide-1: physiology and therapeutic potential

Holst, J. J. (2005) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1097/01.med.0000151395.52819.47 · Cited by 27

Effects of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and sympathetic stimulation on gastric accommodation in humans1

Andrews, C. N., Bharucha, A. E., Camilleri, M., Low, P. A., Seide, B. M., Burton, D. D., Nickander, K. K., Baxter, K. L., & Zinsmeister, A. R. (2007) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.00923.x · Cited by 26

Treatment of hypothalamic obesity in people with hypothalamic injury: new drugs are on the horizon

Roth, C. L., & Zenno, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1256514 · Cited by 27

Cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase in the presympathetic neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus are involved in restraint stress-induced sympathetic activation in rats

Yamaguchi, N., Ogawa, S., & Okada, S. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.07.051 · Cited by 26

No increased risk of hypoglycaemic episodes during 48 h of subcutaneous glucagon‐like‐peptide‐1 administration in fasting healthy subjects

Lerche, S. S., Soendergaard, L., Rungby, J., Møller, N., Holst, J. J., Schmitz, O., & Brock, B. (2008) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03510.x · Cited by 26

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Antagonist, Capsazepine, Improves Survival in a Rat Hemorrhagic Shock Model

Akabori, H., Yamamoto, H., Tsuchihashi, H., Mori, T., Fujino, K., Shimizu, T., Endo, Y., & Tani, T. (2007) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000255577.80800.e1 · Cited by 25

Role of intestinal peptides and the autonomic nervous system in postprandial hypotension in patients with multiple system atrophy

Fukushima, T., Asahina, M., Fujinuma, Y., Yamanaka, Y., Katagiri, A., Mori, M., & Kuwabara, S. (2012) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-012-6660-x · Cited by 25

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and the Sympathoadrenal System Are Major Mediators in the Effects of Peripherally Administered Exendin-4 on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis of Male Rats

Gil‐Lozano, M., Romaní‐Pérez, M., Outeiriño‐Iglesias, V., Vigo, E., González-Matías, L. C., Brubaker, P. L., & Mallo, F. (2014) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2013-1718 · Cited by 26

Expression of the diabetes‐associated gene TCF7L2 in adult mouse brain

Lee, S., Lee, C. E., Elias, C. F., & Elmquist, J. K. (2009) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.22199 · Cited by 23

The role of food intake regulating peptides in cardiovascular regulation

Mikulášková, B., Maletı́nská, L., Zicha, J., & Kuneš, J. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.021 · Cited by 25

Semaglutide treatment of hypothalamic obesity – a real-life data study

Svendstrup, M., Rasmussen, A. K., Kistorp, C., Klose, M., & Andreassen, M. (2024) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-024-01429-5 · Cited by 23

Understanding the Cardiovascular Effects of Incretin

Yoon, J. S., & Lee, H. W. (2011) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.437 · Cited by 23

Impact of Weight-Loss Medications on the Cardiovascular System

Drolet, B., Simard, C., & Poirier, P. (2007) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.2165/00129784-200707040-00005 · Cited by 23

Cardiovascular Effects of Incretins in Diabetes

Advani, A., Bugyei‐Twum, A., & Connelly, K. A. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.06.010 · Cited by 25

The role of incretins in cardiovascular control

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