Cited by 520Hemoglobin structure and functionHeme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon MonoxideNitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects

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Enzymatic function of hemoglobin as a nitrite reductase that produces NO under allosteric control

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Huang, Z.·2005·Journal of Clinical Investigation

Abstract

Hypoxic vasodilation is a fundamental, highly conserved physiological response that requires oxygen and/or pH sensing coupled to vasodilation. While this process was first characterized more than 80 years ago, the precise identity and mechanism of the oxygen sensor and mediators of vasodilation remain uncertain. In support of a possible role for hemoglobin (Hb) as a sensor and effector of hypoxic vasodilation, here we show biochemical evidence that Hb exhibits enzymatic behavior as a nitrite reductase, with maximal NO generation rates occurring near the oxy-to-deoxy (R-to-T) allosteric structural transition of the protein. The observed rate of nitrite reduction by Hb deviates from second-order kinetics, and sigmoidal reaction progress is determined by a balance between 2 opposing chemistries of the heme in the R (oxygenated conformation) and T (deoxygenated conformation) allosteric quaternary structures of the Hb tetramer--the greater reductive potential of deoxyheme in the R state tetramer and the number of unligated deoxyheme sites necessary for nitrite binding, which are more plentiful in the T state tetramer. These opposing chemistries result in a maximal nitrite reduction rate when Hb is 40-60% saturated with oxygen (near the Hb P50), an apparent ideal set point for hypoxia-responsive NO generation. These data suggest that the oxygen sensor for hypoxic vasodilation is determined by Hb oxygen saturation and quaternary structure and that the nitrite reductase activity of Hb generates NO gas under allosteric and pH control.

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Metadata

Authors
Huang, Z.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author
Huang, Z.
Venue
Journal of Clinical Investigation
Published
2005-08-01
Volume
115
Issue
8
Pages
2099-2107
ISSN
0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2120714892
Cited by
520
References
57
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 40
FWCI
13.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • North Carolina Biotechnology Center
  • National Institutes of Health (GM55792, HL58091)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R29HL058091, R37HL058091, HL58091, R01HL058091)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R29GM055792, GM55792, R01GM055792)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Hemoglobin structure and function
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
Keywords
hemoglobin, nitrite reductase, nitric oxide production, hypoxic vasodilation, oxygen sensing, allosteric transition, pH control, oxygen saturation
MeSH terms
Allosteric Regulation, Allosteric Site, Animals, Hypoxia, Hemoglobins, Horses, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Kinetics, Nitric Oxide, Nitrite Reductases, Nitrites, Oxidation-Reduction, Vasodilation, Protein Structure, Tertiary

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