Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry

In the paper

“while the efficacy of MBCT to reduce MDD relapse is well-established”

In the paper

“the inclusion criteria of these studies focus on the specific disorder of interest and exclude co-occurring disorders that may influence findings, which are less generalizable to the clinic.”

In the paper

“suggesting that while MBCT may be effective, it may not be superior to other active psychosocial interventions.”

In the paper

“Taken together, MBIs are promising interventions as they appear to be beneficial across psychiatric disorders.”

In the paper

“Stressful life events or other triggers in everyday life may give rise to well-rehearsed negative thinking patterns such as depressive rumination, worry, and self-criticism which, if persistent, may escalate to depressive relapse.”

In the paper

“The relapse rate among MBCT+TAU patients was 32% relative to 60% for the TAU control group (22).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [22] source

In the paper

“The use of MBIs in the treatment of current psychiatric disorders is relatively new and should be considered preliminary in nature (95).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [95]

In the paper

“Jon Kabat-Zinn and colleagues (1) first introduced mindfulness meditative practices to treat chronic pain and developed a program named Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR; 1).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [1] Kabat-Zinn J, 1990

In the paper

“Most of these studies generally do not have a comparison condition and if they do they employ a wait-list control or treatment as usual comparison group.”

In the paper

“While there was no risk reduction of relapse among patients with two or fewer episodes the risk of recurrence was reduced by 43% among those with three or more episodes (23).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [23] source

In the paper

“Specifically, multimodal MBIs appear effective, while brief interventions may not be beneficial in treating anorexia nervosa (35).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] source

In the paper

“Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention may be successful in reducing both substance use and craving (40)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [40] Daley DC, 2006

In the paper

“Recurrently depressed individuals’ vulnerability to depressogenic cognition is additionally exacerbated by impaired cognitive functioning and diminished cognitive resources.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] source
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• Not checked yetcites [68] source

In the paper

“Indeed, it could have been the case that meditators possessed distinct features of brain anatomy for reasons other than meditation (e.g. genetic, environmental, etc.).”

In the paper

“Following MBCT training, participants exhibit improved self-reported mindfulness (43–50), reduced rumination (43, 45–48, 51–53) and worry (43, 47, 53), improved meta-awareness (52, 54, 55), increased self-compassion (56, 57), and reduced emotional reactivity (58).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [43] source
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In the paper

“Although the specific impact of these cognitive improvements is yet to be established”

In the paper

“The non-judgmental stance conveyed across MBIs allows participants to recover from one’s emotional state more quickly and increases the flexibility through which one can respond to stressful events (75).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [75] source

In the paper

“MBCT has additionally been shown to augment suppression of currently-irrelevant mental sets (74) and promote both cognitive flexibility and overall cognitive functioning (75), benefits which correlate with a reduction in depressive symptomology.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [74] source
• Not checked yetcites [75] source

In the paper

“They also found that participants reported significant reduction in perceived stress that correlated positively with decrease in gray matter density in the right basolateral amygdala (89).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [89] source

In the paper

“Moreover, these improvements at least partially mediated or predicted the effect of MBCT on treatment outcome (see 59–61 for reviews), with the strongest effects found for mindfulness, rumination, worry, and emotional reactivity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [59] source
• Not checked yetcites [60] Melyani M, 2015, J Psychol
• Not checked yetcites [61] source

In the paper

“Studies examining other MBIs with healthy participants similarly indicated improvements in cognitive abilities such as working memory (76–77), cognitive flexibility (78–79) and inhibition (80), with very limited evidence regarding attentional improvements (see (73) for a review).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [76] source
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• Not checked yetcites [80] source

In the paper

“Through repeated meditation practices MBIs develop body awareness, self-regulation, and emotion regulation skills (81–86).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [81] source
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In the paper

“The effects of mindfulness and meditation training on the brain have been investigated in over one hundred brain imaging studies”

In the paper

“MBCT has been shown to reduce overgeneral autobiographical memory (55, 69, 70), improve attention deployment and maintenance during sad mood (71) and reduce attentional-bias towards negative emotional stimuli (72), although such attentional improvements are not ubiquitous (42, 48, 73).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [55] source
• Not checked yetcites [69] source
• Not checked yetcites [70] source
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• Not checked yetcites [72] source

In the paper

“These individuals often exhibit overgeneral autobiographical memory (i.e. a difficulty in retrieving specific personal events), impairments in attention regulation, and difficulties suppressing competing or currently-irrelevant thoughts and mental sets, among other cognitive deficits (62–68).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] source
• Not checked yetcites [63] source
• Not checked yetcites [64] source
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• Not checked yetcites [66] source
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• Not checked yetcites [68] source

In the paper

“such cognitive faculties are important factors in facilitating the disengagement from negating thinking patterns associated with depression and may be vital in addressing the cognitive deficits associated with numerous clinical conditions.”

In the paper

“In sum, the science and practice of MBIs have proven to have clear benefit among those with psychiatric disorders.”

In the paper

“These various brain regions have been associated with learning and memory processes, emotion regulation, self-referential processing, and perspective taking.”

In the paper

“Further, although mindfulness interventions may reduce psychiatric symptoms on their own, it is less clear whether they can serve as an adjunctive treatment to current psychotherapy or psychopharmacological interventions.”

In the paper

“Although we know much about the patient populations that may benefit from receiving mindfulness training, we do not yet know for whom MBI treatment may work best.”

In the paper

“A recent meta-analysis reviewed 78 functional neuroimaging (fMRI and PET) studies of meditation, and used activation likelihood estimation to conduct a meta-analysis of 257 activation peak locations from 31 experiments involving 527 participants (90).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [90] source

In the paper

“In line, different types of meditation practices may influence different brain structures.”

In the paper

“This meta-analysis covered various meditation practice, which the authors categorized into four main types: 1) focused attention, 2) mantra recitation, 3) open monitoring, and 4) compassion/loving-kindness meditation; and three additional types that have been less studied: 1) visualization, 2) sense-withdrawal, and 3) non-dual awareness practices.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [90] source

In the paper

“In addition, these interventions reduce symptoms across psychiatric disorders with mounting support for anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, and substance use disorders.”

In the paper

“Additionally, limited studies have examined the effectiveness of MBIs in real-life settings (92) and how best to disseminate these efficacious interventions into the community.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [92] source

In the paper

“It is likely the case that these group based programs can be added to standard care, however research is needed in order to make strong recommendations for providers.”

In the paper

“Numerous research investigations have shown that MBIs are efficacious for reducing depression relapse and treating depression symptoms.”

In the paper

“However, the authors conclude that “convergence is the exception rather than the rule” (90).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [90] source