The DOI matches its Crossref record; 98 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 110 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry
Open accessAbstract
Mindfulness meditation has a longstanding history in eastern practices that has received considerable public interest in recent decades. Indeed, the science, practice, and implementation of Mindfulness Based Interventions (MBIs) have dramatically increased in recent years. At its base, mindfulness is a natural human state in which an individual experiences and attends to the present moment. Interventions have been developed to train individuals how to incorporate this practice into daily life. The current article will discuss the concept of mindfulness and describe its implementation in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. We further identify for whom MBIs have been shown to be efficacious and provide an up-to-date summary of how these interventions work. This includes research support for the cognitive, psychological, and neural mechanisms that lead to psychiatric improvements. This review provides a basis for incorporating these interventions into treatment.
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Claims the paper makes
48 Not checked yet · 37 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the mechanism through which MBIs reduce symptoms are through meta-awareness, altering one’s perspective of the self, and self-awareness as some examples (81–86).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] source
- Not checked yetcites [82] source
- Not checked yetcites [83] source
- Not checked yetcites [84] source
- Partly supportedcites [85] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Reperceiving as Meta Mechanism,” the paper proposes that mindfulness fosters awareness of one’s thoughts and a shift in perspective; “Additional Mechanisms” links that shift to positive outcomes. But it presents these as proposed mechanisms of mindfulness, not established mechanisms by which mindfulness-based interventions reduce symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites [86] source
The paper’s Contemporary Definitions of Mindfulness section says MBI success has been measured by decreasing clinical symptoms. Its Attention Regulation and Focused Attention sections describe meta-awareness and a shift in perspective, while Non-Attachment and De-Centering describes observing one’s experience from a different perspective. These support the cited sentence as a summary of the paper’s proposed mechanisms, rather than as proof that each mechanism independently reduces symptoms; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Subsequently, Zindel Segal and colleagues (2) extended the use of mindfulness meditation into psychiatry by developing a treatment program for the prevention of depression relapse that combined cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness techniques and was named Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT; 2).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Segal ZV, 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most widely examined MBI to treat psychiatric disorders is MBCT.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis found the number of previous depressive episodes to be a significant predictor of outcome (23).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Group-based weekly mindfulness intervention programs such as MBSR and MBCT have the highest level of evidence of clinical efficacy”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Treatment > Mindfulness-Based Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is considerable evidence supporting the use of MBCT to decrease the risk of depressive relapse.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, several studies have shown preliminary evidence of the effect of MBIs with patients with Bipolar Disorder (32), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (33), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (34).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a trial comparing maintenance antidepressant medication and MBCT with support to taper or discontinue antidepressant medication among 424 patients with MDD and at high risk for relapse (more than two MDD episodes) there was no difference between the two conditions in relapse rate over 24 months (28).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] source
plainn = 424- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Individuals with recurrent depression are particularly vulnerable to depressogenic cognitions (42).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we do not yet know whether improvements are due to time or are specific to the skills taught in MBIs.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, preliminary support evidence suggests that MBIs may be efficacious in treating obesity-related eating behaviors, such as binge eating, emotional eating and external eating (36).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Dunne J, J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two recent meta-analyses found that MBIs are helpful in reducing current mood and anxiety symptoms in patients with anxiety and mood disorders (30; 31).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, studies that have used active-control groups structurally equivalent to MBCT have provided mixed findings regarding its superiority in preventing relapse (24–26)”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The theoretical model on which MBCT is based (2) emphasizes identifying these thinking patterns as they arise and viewing them as temporary mental phenomena rather than as facts or realities to be identified with or reacted to”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Segal ZV, 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“empirical evidence has shown initial efficacy of MBCT for current MDD as well (30).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although this review focuses on MBCT, as this program was the first mindfulness intervention designed to treat mental health problems (2)”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Segal ZV, 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Preliminary support also exists for MBIs for eating disorders.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Evidence is accumulating to suggest that MBCT is more effective than TAU and active control for those who had experienced childhood trauma (25).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“however other formats such as retreats, mindfulness-based brief interventions, web-based, and smartphone app interventions may also have beneficial effects (11).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Treatment > Mindfulness-Based Interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research has largely supported this notion, and shown that these processes are central components and active ingredients of MBCT.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“however a meta-analysis did not detect statistically significant differences between Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention and comparators on relapse, frequency of use, treatment dropout (41).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These studies have shown improvement in symptoms in patients with current depression (29, 30).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“emerging evidence suggests that they may be useful in treating many active psychiatric disorders.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research to-date indicates that MBIs may be effective at treating a wide range of psychiatric disorders”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a recent meta-analysis that included four randomized controlled trials of patients with at least three depressive episodes found that MBCT reduced the risk for relapse and recurrence of MDD compared to treatment as usual (TAU) or placebo controls.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, MBCT has been found as effective as maintenance antidepressant medication in preventing MDD relapse (22,23).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Further, MBCT may be a particularly viable option for patients who would like to discontinue antidepressant medications (28).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another transdiagnostic mechanism through which MBIs may work is through enhancing emotion regulation strategies.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the above cross-sectional comparisons were intriguing, they could not prove that meditation training caused the observed changes.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Structural brain imaging
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hölzel and colleagues (88) reported a pre-post increase in gray matter concentration within the hippocampus, the posterior cingulate cortex, the temporo-parietal junction, and the cerebellum after a standard 8-week MBSR course in healthy stressed participants (88).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Structural brain imaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research indicates that MBCT may attenuate these symptoms.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, numerous other transdiagnostic mechanisms models include self-transcendence, exposure, relaxation, non-attachment, ethical practice, and clarification of values (81–86).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“perseverative cognitions such as worry and rumination occur in many forms of psychopathology including mood and anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and OCD (97).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Emotion regulation deficits, or emotion dysregulation, occurs across psychiatric disorders (98).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, many of the potential psychological mechanisms cut across disorders.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the mindfulness training and skills taught in MBIs are not necessarily aimed at one psychiatric phenomena or condition, but rather focused on modifying processes which potentially underlie many psychiatric disorders.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the picture to date is more complex in the evidence of functional changes compared to those of structural changes.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Functional brain imaging
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, MBIs have been shown to reduce negative thinking patterns and reactions associated with psychopathology such as rumination, worry, and emotional reactivity.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, mindfulness interventions may reduce cognitive deficits that are associated or a result of psychiatric disorders such as overgeneral autobiographical memory, poor attention regulation, and cognitive rigidity.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effects of mindfulness meditation practices on brain function have been more broadly studied than their effects on brain structure.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Functional brain imaging
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, some research has shown that those with a chronic history of depressive episodes may benefit the most from MBCT”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The authors found several brain areas to be recruited consistently across multiple types of meditation practice: insula, pre/supplementary motor cortices, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and frontopolar cortex.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Functional brain imaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The structural changes observed longitudinally after MBSR did not involve the same brain regions as those observed cross-sectionally between long-term meditators and matched control subjects.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Structural brain imaging
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research has also provided evidence for the mechanisms on how mindfulness based interventions improve psychological health.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“with growing evidence of efficacy – especially for anxiety, depression, and pain (reviewed in 91).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Functional brain imaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some research supports the association of structural and functional differences between those who meditate and those who do not.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, it is too early to draw firm conclusions regarding the effects of meditation on brain structure.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Structural brain imaging
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MBIs have been shown to increase positive psychological attributes like mindfulness, meta-awareness, and self-compassion.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mindfulness meditation may also be associated with neural changes.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MBIs have garnered considerable support for their efficacy to treat psychiatric disorders.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while the efficacy of MBCT to reduce MDD relapse is well-established”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the inclusion criteria of these studies focus on the specific disorder of interest and exclude co-occurring disorders that may influence findings, which are less generalizable to the clinic.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that while MBCT may be effective, it may not be superior to other active psychosocial interventions.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, MBIs are promising interventions as they appear to be beneficial across psychiatric disorders.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stressful life events or other triggers in everyday life may give rise to well-rehearsed negative thinking patterns such as depressive rumination, worry, and self-criticism which, if persistent, may escalate to depressive relapse.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The relapse rate among MBCT+TAU patients was 32% relative to 60% for the TAU control group (22).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The use of MBIs in the treatment of current psychiatric disorders is relatively new and should be considered preliminary in nature (95).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Jon Kabat-Zinn and colleagues (1) first introduced mindfulness meditative practices to treat chronic pain and developed a program named Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR; 1).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Kabat-Zinn J, 1990
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of these studies generally do not have a comparison condition and if they do they employ a wait-list control or treatment as usual comparison group.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While there was no risk reduction of relapse among patients with two or fewer episodes the risk of recurrence was reduced by 43% among those with three or more episodes (23).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specifically, multimodal MBIs appear effective, while brief interventions may not be beneficial in treating anorexia nervosa (35).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention may be successful in reducing both substance use and craving (40)”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Daley DC, 2006
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recurrently depressed individuals’ vulnerability to depressogenic cognition is additionally exacerbated by impaired cognitive functioning and diminished cognitive resources.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, it could have been the case that meditators possessed distinct features of brain anatomy for reasons other than meditation (e.g. genetic, environmental, etc.).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Structural brain imaging
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Following MBCT training, participants exhibit improved self-reported mindfulness (43–50), reduced rumination (43, 45–48, 51–53) and worry (43, 47, 53), improved meta-awareness (52, 54, 55), increased self-compassion (56, 57), and reduced emotional reactivity (58).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] source
- Not checked yetcites [44] source
- Not checked yetcites [45] source
- Not checked yetcites [46] source
- Not checked yetcites [47] source
- Not checked yetcites [48] source
- Not checked yetcites [49] source
- Not checked yetcites [50] source
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
- Not checked yetcites [52] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the specific impact of these cognitive improvements is yet to be established”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The non-judgmental stance conveyed across MBIs allows participants to recover from one’s emotional state more quickly and increases the flexibility through which one can respond to stressful events (75).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“MBCT has additionally been shown to augment suppression of currently-irrelevant mental sets (74) and promote both cognitive flexibility and overall cognitive functioning (75), benefits which correlate with a reduction in depressive symptomology.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They also found that participants reported significant reduction in perceived stress that correlated positively with decrease in gray matter density in the right basolateral amygdala (89).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Structural brain imaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, these improvements at least partially mediated or predicted the effect of MBCT on treatment outcome (see 59–61 for reviews), with the strongest effects found for mindfulness, rumination, worry, and emotional reactivity.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies examining other MBIs with healthy participants similarly indicated improvements in cognitive abilities such as working memory (76–77), cognitive flexibility (78–79) and inhibition (80), with very limited evidence regarding attentional improvements (see (73) for a review).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Through repeated meditation practices MBIs develop body awareness, self-regulation, and emotion regulation skills (81–86).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effects of mindfulness and meditation training on the brain have been investigated in over one hundred brain imaging studies”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Neural Mechanisms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“MBCT has been shown to reduce overgeneral autobiographical memory (55, 69, 70), improve attention deployment and maintenance during sad mood (71) and reduce attentional-bias towards negative emotional stimuli (72), although such attentional improvements are not ubiquitous (42, 48, 73).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These individuals often exhibit overgeneral autobiographical memory (i.e. a difficulty in retrieving specific personal events), impairments in attention regulation, and difficulties suppressing competing or currently-irrelevant thoughts and mental sets, among other cognitive deficits (62–68).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“such cognitive faculties are important factors in facilitating the disengagement from negating thinking patterns associated with depression and may be vital in addressing the cognitive deficits associated with numerous clinical conditions.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Cognitive and Psychological Mechanisms
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, the science and practice of MBIs have proven to have clear benefit among those with psychiatric disorders.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These various brain regions have been associated with learning and memory processes, emotion regulation, self-referential processing, and perspective taking.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Structural brain imaging
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, although mindfulness interventions may reduce psychiatric symptoms on their own, it is less clear whether they can serve as an adjunctive treatment to current psychotherapy or psychopharmacological interventions.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although we know much about the patient populations that may benefit from receiving mindfulness training, we do not yet know for whom MBI treatment may work best.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis reviewed 78 functional neuroimaging (fMRI and PET) studies of meditation, and used activation likelihood estimation to conduct a meta-analysis of 257 activation peak locations from 31 experiments involving 527 participants (90).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Functional brain imaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] source
plainn = 527- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In line, different types of meditation practices may influence different brain structures.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Functional brain imaging
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This meta-analysis covered various meditation practice, which the authors categorized into four main types: 1) focused attention, 2) mantra recitation, 3) open monitoring, and 4) compassion/loving-kindness meditation; and three additional types that have been less studied: 1) visualization, 2) sense-withdrawal, and 3) non-dual awareness practices.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Functional brain imaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, these interventions reduce symptoms across psychiatric disorders with mounting support for anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, and substance use disorders.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, limited studies have examined the effectiveness of MBIs in real-life settings (92) and how best to disseminate these efficacious interventions into the community.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is likely the case that these group based programs can be added to standard care, however research is needed in order to make strong recommendations for providers.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Numerous research investigations have shown that MBIs are efficacious for reducing depression relapse and treating depression symptoms.”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Conclusion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the authors conclude that “convergence is the exception rather than the rule” (90).”
§ Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry > Mechanisms > Functional brain imaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Mindfulness is a natural human state in which a person experiences and attends to the present moment.
“At its base, mindfulness is a natural human state in which an individual experiences and attends to the present moment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mindful acceptance is crucial for treatment effectiveness.
“Mindful acceptance is deemed crucial for treatment effectiveness.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“All MIs reviewed in this study aimed to teach participants to observe and accept their thoughts and feelings without emotionally reacting to them via a combination of cognitive, meditative, and breathing exercises (Shapero et al ., 2018).”
From Group-based mindfulness interventions in prisons: a selective critical review (2024) · cites this paper as Shapero et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that cultivating mindfulness skills may not only address immediate symptoms but also cultivate long-term resilience and adaptive coping mechanisms (3,4).”
From Mindful Steps Forward: Exploring the Impact of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Social Anxiety (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
Citations
Cites
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016 · Cited by 8,615 · cited 1×
“Mindfulness is defined as “paying attention in a particular way, on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally” (3).”
BackgroundMindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg016 · Cited by 8,612
(2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,477
Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234
Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004 · Cited by 6,686 · cited 1×
“Emotion regulation deficits, or emotion dysregulation, occurs across psychiatric disorders (98).”
Background(1999) · Cited by 5,934
Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review
Baer, R. A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg015 · Cited by 4,577
Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review.
Baer, R. A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg015 · Cited by 4,576
Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20237 · Cited by 4,002
The effect of mindfulness based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta analytic review
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018555 · Cited by 3,846 · cited 3×
“These studies have shown improvement in symptoms in patients with current depression (29, 30).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Dunne J, J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc, doi: 10.1177/10 · DOI
- Daley DC, 2006, Overcoming Your Alcohol or Drug Problem: Effective Recovery Strategies: Therapist Guide
- Melyani M, 2015, J Psychol, 18, 393
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mindfulness and Behavior Change
Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D. A., Brewer, J. A., Vago, D. R., Gawande, R., Dunne, J. P., Lazar, S. W., Loucks, E. B., & Fulwiler, C. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000277 · Cited by 435
Phan, M. L., Renshaw, T. L., Caramanico, J., Greeson, J. M., Mackenzie, E., Atkinson‐Diaz, Z., Doppelt, N., Tai, H., Mandell, D. S., & Nuske, H. J. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01885-9 · Cited by 213
Shapero, B. G., Farabaugh, A., Terechina, O., DeCross, S., Cheung, J. C., Fava, M., & Holt, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.033 · Cited by 123
Self-citationApolinário-Hagen, J., Drüge, M., & Fritsche, L. (2020) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_17 · Cited by 100
Ong, N. Y., Teo, F. J. J., Ee, J. Z. Y., Yau, C. E., Thumboo, J., Tan, H. K., & Ng, Q. X. (2024) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2023-101115 · Cited by 93
“58 Similarly, a majority of included articles in this review focused solely on physicians or nurses, and there is a paucity of research literature on the effectiveness of”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Shapero, B. G., Greenberg, J., Pedrelli, P., de Jong, M., & Desbordes, G.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Dr. Shapero, Dr. Greenberg, and Dr. Pedrelli are with the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston. Dr. de Jong is with the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Dr. Desbordes is with the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
- Venue
- Focus
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 32-39
- ISSN
- 1541-4094 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-4108
- PMC
- PMC5870875
- OpenAlex
- W2786706117
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 14.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (K01AT008225)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based interventions, mindfulness meditation, mental illness, treatment efficacy, cognitive mechanisms, neural mechanisms, psychological mechanisms, psychotherapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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