“Mind the Trap”: Mindfulness Practice Reduces Cognitive Rigidity
Open accessAbstract
Two experiments examined the relation between mindfulness practice and cognitive rigidity by using a variation of the Einstellung water jar task. Participants were required to use three hypothetical jars to obtain a specific amount of water. Initial problems were solvable by the same complex formula, but in later problems ("critical" or "trap" problems) solving was possible by an additional much simpler formula. A rigidity score was compiled through perseverance of the complex formula. In Experiment 1, experienced mindfulness meditators received significantly lower rigidity scores than non-meditators who had registered for their first meditation retreat. Similar results were obtained in randomized controlled Experiment 2 comparing non-meditators who underwent an eight meeting mindfulness program with a waiting list group. The authors conclude that mindfulness meditation reduces cognitive rigidity via the tendency to be "blinded" by experience. Results are discussed in light of the benefits of mindfulness practice regarding a reduced tendency to overlook novel and adaptive ways of responding due to past experience, both in and out of the clinical setting.
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The anti-depressive and anxiolytic effects of mindfulness are thought to be mediated by enhancements in decentring and cognitive flexibility.
“These anti-depressive and anxiolytic effects are thought to in turn be mediated by enhancements in decentring and cognitive flexibility, in the case of mindfulness intervention (16, 19), vs. mystical experiences and disrupted cortical connectivity in the case of psychedelic-assisted therapy (49, 50).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
The Introduction says mindfulness interventions can alleviate symptoms associated with recurrent depression and generalized anxiety, and suggests that reduced rigidity may mediate their efficacy. The Discussion likewise tentatively links reduced rigid thinking to treatment efficacy. Our copy does not identify decentring as a mediator, so it supports only the cognitive-flexibility part of the attributed explanation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStudies of other MBIs in healthy participants indicate improvements in working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition, with very limited evidence for attentional improvements.
“Studies examining other MBIs with healthy participants similarly indicated improvements in cognitive abilities such as working memory (76–77), cognitive flexibility (78–79) and inhibition (80), with very limited evidence regarding attentional improvements (see (73) for a review).”
From Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry (2018) · cites this paper as [77]
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- Authors
- Greenberg, J., Reiner, K., & Meiran, N.
- Affiliations
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Greenberg, Jonathan
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-05-15
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e36206
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3352909
- OpenAlex
- W2026631848
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 14.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Israel Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, cognitive rigidity, Einstellung effect, problem solving, meditation retreats, cognitive flexibility
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male
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