Cited by 2,162Pro-Environmental Behavior and AttitudesEnvironmental Philosophy and EthicsEconomic and Environmental Valuation

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Value orientations, gender and environmental concern

Stern, Paul C., Dietz, Thomas, Kalof, Linda·1993·Environment and Behavior

DOI 10.1177/0013916593255002

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Abstract

A social-psychological model is developed to examine the proposition that environmentalism represents a new way of thinking. It presumes that action in support of environmental quality may derive from any of three value orientations: egoistic, social-altruistic, or biospheric, and that gender may be implicated in the relation between these orientations and behavior. Behavioral intentions are modeled as the sum across values of the strength of a value times the strength of beliefs about the consequences of environmental conditions for valued objects. Evidence from a survey of 349 college students shows that beliefs about consequences for each type of valued object independently predict willingness to take political action, but only beliefs about consequences for self reliably predict willingness to pay through taxes. This result is consistent with other recent findings from contingent valuation surveys. Women have stronger beliefs than men about consequences for self, others, and the biosphere, but there is no gender difference in the strength of value orientations.

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Muñoz, P., Cacciotti, G., & Cohen, B. D. (2017) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.12.005 · Cited by 163
Reinterpreting the gender gap in household pro-environmental behaviour
Kennedy, E. H., & Kmec, J. A. (2018) · Environmental Sociology · doi:10.1080/23251042.2018.1436891 · Cited by 151
“Like Stern, Dietz, and Kalof (1993), Xiao and McCright (2014) do little to explore this apparently gendered biographical availability.5 Although both studies have potential for critical inquiry, both note, and even explain, gender differences without asking about the implications of PEB engagement…”
Background
What drives ecotourism: environmental values or symbolic conspicuous consumption?
Beall, J. M., Boley, B. B., Landon, A. C., & Woosnam, K. M. (2020) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1825458 · Cited by 156
“Lastly, biospheric values are premised on the idea of a new emerging environmental ethic whereby individuals evaluate the world with respect to impacts on the biosphere (Stern et al., 1993).”
Background
A Comparison of Environmental Values and Attitudes Between Chinese in Canada and Anglo-Canadians
Deng, J., Walker, G. J., & Swinnerton, G. S. (2005) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916505278458 · Cited by 145
“Factor 1 had four items, which are all from the social altruistic value orientation (Stern et al., 1993).”
BackgroundInfluential
Residential Water Consumption, Motivation for Conserving Water and the Continuing Tragedy of the Commons
Corral-Verdugo, V., Armenta, M. F., Urias, F., Cabrera, V. O., & Gallego, N. B. E. (2002) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-002-2599-5 · Cited by 143
Public attitudes to climate change and carbon mitigation—Implications for energy-associated behaviours
von Borgstede, C., Andersson, M., & Johnsson, F. (2013) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.01.051 · Cited by 142
The environmental self and a sense of place: Communication foundations for regional ecosystem management
Cantrill, J. G. (1998) · Journal of Applied Communication Research · doi:10.1080/00909889809365509 · Cited by 141
Comparative Study Between the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Value–Belief–Norm Model Regarding the Environment, on S panish Housewives' Recycling Behavior
Aguilar‐Luzón, M. D. C., García‐Martínez, J. M. A., Calvo‐Salguero, A., & Salinas, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00962.x · Cited by 144
Environmental, Institutional, and Demographic Predictors of Environmental Literacy among Middle School Children
Stevenson, K. T., Peterson, M. N., Bondell, H. D., Mertig, A. G., & Moore, S. E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059519 · Cited by 170
“Girls often underperform boys in the sciences [62], but numerous studies have shown that women and girls hold more positive environmental attitudes and greater levels of concern for the environment [63,64].”
Background
A Cross-Cultural Assessment of Three Theories of Pro-Environmental Behavior
Cordano, M., Welcomer, S. A., Scherer, R. F., Pradenas, L., & Parada, V. (2010) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916510378528 · Cited by 143
“Although we broadened the number of perspectives used in a single study and selected models that incorporated a wide range of perspectives, Vining and Ebreo (2002) catalogued many other perspectives that could be easily adapted to cross-cultural research and compared with the results we found.”
MethodResult
Community/Agency Trust and Public Involvement in Resource Planning
Smith, J. W., Leahy, J. E., Anderson, D. H., & Davenport, M. A. (2012) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920.2012.678465 · Cited by 148
“Previous research has identified consistent relationships among individuals’ sociodemographic characteristics and their involvement in resource planning and management efforts (Mohai 1992; Ozanne et al. 1999; Stern et al. 1993).”
Background
American evangelicals and global warming
Smith, N., & Leiserowitz, A. (2013) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.04.001 · Cited by 138
“Adapting Schwartz’ norm-activation model of altruism (Schwartz, 1973; Schwartz and Howard, 1981), value-belief-norm theory offers an account of the values underlying environmental concern which helps guide attitudes and behaviors when individuals are faced with environmental risk (Stern et al., 1993; Stern and Dietz,…”
Background
Know Your Neighbors, Save the Planet
Macias, T., & Williams, K. (2014) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916514540458 · Cited by 150
“…fall under the category of environmental concern, reflecting the influence of social psychology and the strong emphasis on beliefs and values in understanding pro-environmental behavior within environmental sociology (Dietz et al., 2007; Stern, 2000; Stern et al., 1995; Stern & Kalof, 1993).”
Background
The social values at risk from sea-level rise
Graham, S., Barnett, J., Fincher, R., Hürlimann, A., Mortreux, C., & Waters, E. (2013) · Environmental Impact Assessment Review · doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2013.02.002 · Cited by 137
“motivational domains identified by Schwartz (2006) of self-direction, universalism, benevolence, conformity, tradition, security, power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation); theways values relate to one another; how particular values come to be prioritised by individuals; and the implications differing value hierarchi…”
Background

Authors: Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., & Kalof, L.
Affiliations: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US)
George Mason University (US)
SUNY Plattsburgh (US)
ORCID: Stern, Paul C.
Dietz, Thomas
Venue: Environment and Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1993-09
Volume: 25
Issue: 5
Pages: 322-348
ISSN: 0013-9165 (ISSN-L)
1552-390X
DOI: 10.1177/0013916593255002
OpenAlex: W2126789885
Cited by: 2,162
References: 94
Citations by year: 2026: 62 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 102 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 110 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 104 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 118 · 2013: 104 · 2012: 88
FWCI: 100.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Environment and Behavior (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Pro-Environmental Behavior and Attitudes
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Environmental Philosophy and Ethics
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic and Environmental Valuation
Keywords: value orientations, environmental concern, environmentalism, gender differences, egoistic values, biospheric values, willingness to pay, beliefs about consequences, contingent valuation, university students

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