Gender Differences in Empathy During Adolescence: Does Emotional Self-Awareness Matter?

Trentini, Cristina; Tambelli, Renata; Maiorani, Silvia; Lauriola, Marco

doi:10.1177/0033294120976631

Cited by 53Emotions and Moral BehaviorPsychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsEmpathy and Medical Education

Gender Differences in Empathy During Adolescence: Does Emotional Self-Awareness Matter?

Trentini, Cristina, Tambelli, Renata, Maiorani, Silvia, Lauriola, Marco·2022·Psychological Reports

DOI 10.1177/0033294120976631

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Abstract

Empathy refers to the capacity to experience emotions similar to those observed or imagined in another person, with the full knowledge that the other person is the source of these emotions. Awareness of one's own emotional states is a prerequisite for self-other differentiation to develop. This study investigated gender differences in empathy during adolescence and tested whether emotional self-awareness explained these differences. Two-hundred-eleven adolescents (108 girls and 103 boys) between 14 and 19 years completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) to assess empathy and emotional self-awareness, respectively. Overall, girls obtained higher scores than boys on IRI subscales like emotional concern, personal distress, and fantasy. Regarding emotional self-awareness, we found gender differences in TAS-20 scores, with girls reporting greater difficulty identifying feelings and less externally oriented thinking than boys. Difficulty identifying feelings explained the greatest personal distress experienced by girls. Lower externally oriented thinking accounted for girls’ greater emotional concern and fantasy. These findings offer an insight into the role of emotional self-awareness–which is essential for self-other differentiation–as an account for gender differences in empathic abilities during adolescence. In girls, difficulty identifying feelings can impair the ability to differentiate between ones’ and others’ emotions, leading them to experience self-focused and aversive responses when confronted with others’ suffering. Conversely, in boys, externally oriented thinking can mitigate personal distress when faced with others’ discomfort.

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Previous studies indicated that empathy showed gender differences, namely, female empathy was greater than male.
“Previous studies indicated that empathy showed gender differences, namely, female empathy was greater than male [36]”
From The Relationship between Empathy and Attachment in Children and Adolescents: Three-Level Meta-Analyses. (2022) · cites this paper as [36]

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The Relationship between Empathy and Attachment in Children and Adolescents: Three-Level Meta-Analyses.
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“Previous studies indicated that empathy showed gender differences, namely, female empathy was greater than male [36], which was also reflected in the relationship between empathy and other variables.”

Authors: Trentini, C., Tambelli, R., Maiorani, S., & Lauriola, M.
Affiliations: Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
Corresponding author: Trentini, Cristina
ORCID: Trentini, Cristina
Tambelli, Renata
Lauriola, Marco
Venue: Psychological Reports
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2021-02-15
Volume: 125
Issue: 2
Pages: 913-936
ISSN: 0033-2941 (ISSN-L)
1558-691X
DOI: 10.1177/0033294120976631
OpenAlex: W3129210195
Cited by: 53
References: 92
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 1
FWCI: 6.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychological Reports (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Empathy and Medical Education
Keywords: empathy, gender differences, adolescence, emotional self-awareness, alexithymia, self-other distinction, personal distress, emotional problems, fantasy, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Toronto Alexithymia Scale
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Affect, Affective Symptoms, Emotions, Empathy, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors

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Gender Differences in Empathy During Adolescence: Does Emotional Self-Awareness Matter?

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