Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the Empathy Quotient
Abstract
Background. Empathy plays a key role in social understanding, but its empirical measurement has proved difficult. The Empathy Quotient (EQ) is a self-report scale designed to do just that. This series of four studies examined the reliability and validity of the EQ and determined its factor structure. Method. In Study 1, 53 people completed the EQ, Social Desirability Scale (SDS) and a non-verbal mental state inference test, the Eyes Task. In Study 2, a principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted on data from 110 healthy individuals and 62 people reporting depersonalisation (DPD). Approximately 1 year later, Study 3, involved the re-administration of the EQ ( n =24) along with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; n =28). In the last study, the EQ scores of those with DPD, a condition that includes a subjective lack of empathy, were examined in depth. Results. An association was found between the Eyes task and EQ, and only three EQ items correlated with the SDS. PCA revealed three factors: (1) ‘cognitive empathy’; (2) ‘emotional reactivity’, and (3) ‘social skills’. Test–retest reliability was good and moderate associations were found between the EQ and IRI subscales, suggesting concurrent validity. People with DPD did not show a global empathy deficit, but reported less social competence. Conclusions. The EQ is a valid, reliable scale and the different subscales may have clinical applications.
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Mentalising and alexithymia are distinct constructs, and there is debate as to whether the RMET indexes mentalising or recognition of emotional expressions.
“Importantly, mentalising and alexithymia are distinct constructs, and there is debate as to whether the RMET indexes mentalising (the common assumption and the assertion of the authors, who validated it against other mentalising tasks [88–90]) or recognition of emotional expressions [91], deficits in which are associated with alexithymia.”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [89]
ToM is often considered conceptually similar to, or equivalent with, cognitive empathy because both constructs involve inferring the mental state of another person.
“ToM is often considered to be conceptually similar to, or equivalent with, cognitive empathy because both constructs involve inferring the mental state of another person (e.g., Lawrence et al., 2004).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Lawrence et al., 2004
ToM is largely considered by some to be similar to, if not the same as, Cognitive Empathy.
“ToM is largely considered by some to be similar to, if not the same as, Cognitive Empathy (e.g., Lawrence et al., 2004).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Lawrence et al., 2004
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- Authors
- LAWRENCE, E. J., SHAW, P., BAKER, D., BARON-COHEN, S., & DAVID, A. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 911-920
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W1976994271
- Cited by
- 1,014
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 5.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Empathy and Medical Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- Empathy Quotient, empathy measurement, self-report scale, reliability statistics, validity, factor structure, cognitive empathy, emotional reactivity, social skills, depersonalization, social desirability, mental state inference, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, social competence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Empathy, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Desirability, Reproducibility of Results
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