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How “Real” Are Computer Personalities?: Psychological Responses to Personality Types in Human-Computer Interaction
Abstract
How “real” are computer personalities? Using a psychological criterion for “reality,” 2 studies tested whether people respond to computer personalities the same way they tend to respond to human personalities. In Experiment 1, dominant and submissive subjects were randomly matched with a computer endowed with the personality characteristics associated with dominance or submissiveness (N = 48). Consistent with similarity-attraction theory in interpersonal interaction, subjects were more attracted to the similar computer compared to the dissimilar computer. Experiment 2 (N = 88) used the same experimental design to assess users' psychological responses to changes in personality-based behavior in computers. Consistent with gain-loss theory in interpersonal interaction, changes in the direction of similarity had a more positive effect on attraction than a consistently similar personality. Loss effects were not obtained. The findings suggest that computer personalities are psychologically real to users.
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“In HCI contexts, when presented with a technology possessing cues that are normally associated with human behavior (e.g., language, turn-taking, interactivity), individuals respond by exhibiting social behavior and making anthropomorphic attributions (Epley et al. 2007; Moon and Nass 1996; Nass et al. 1995).”
From AI-based chatbots in customer service and their effects on user compliance (2021) · cites this paper as Moon and Nass 1996
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ResultDifferential social attributions toward computing technology: An empirical investigation
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“…& Nash, 1996), and tend to interact with computers and media persons in the same way as when communicating faceto-face with real persons (see e.g., Moon & Nass, 1996; Nass & Moon, 2000), it would be interesting to study the effects of a close (i.e., headphone listening) versus a far (i.e.,…”
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This Computer Responds to User Frustration Theory, Design, Results, and Implications
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“…(e.g. politeness) when interacting with a computer and television (Reeves and Nass, 1996), think as if computers/robots could have their own personalities like people (Moon and Nass, 1996), and use various media with similar objectives for interpersonal interaction (Papacharissi and Rubin, 2000).”
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“, 1996), are imbued with personalities by the people who interact with them (Moon and Nass, 1996), and are subject to gender stereotypes by users (Nass et al.”
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“Studies have proven that, although conscious of being interacting with a machine, humans have a clear perception of the computer system’s personality [20,8].”
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“This scenario is widely used in human-computer interaction studies, including the perception of computer personality (Moon & Nass, 1996), human-computer teaming (Nass et al., 1996), and the credibility of the computer (Burgoon et al., 2000).”
MethodInteractive Consumer Decision Aids
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“Along the same lines, there is an interesting body of research that examines the social nature of the interactions between humans and computers that has the potential to inform the design of ICDAs for long-term relationships with consumers (e.g., Moon and Nass 1996; Nass et al. 1996).”
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“Such conversational agents are programed with certain cues, features and attributes that are normally associated with humans (Melián-González et al. 2021; Moon and Nass 1996; Pillai and Sivathanu 2020; Schanke et al. 2021; Schuetzler et al. 2020).”
BackgroundPütten, A. M. R.-V. D., Straßmann, C., Yaghoubzadeh, R., Kopp, S., & Krämer, N. C. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.047 · Cited by 46
Designing Personas for Expressive Robots
Whittaker, S., Rogers, Y., Petrovskaya, E., & Zhuang, H. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3424153 · Cited by 45
Shank, D. B. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.006 · Cited by 44
“…psychological processes, and experimental methodologies (Brave et al., 2005; Groom & Nass, 2007; Isbister & Nass, 2000; Kim & Sundar, 2012; Moon & Nass, 1996; Nass, Fogg, & Moon, 1996; Nass & Moon, 2000; Nass, Moon, Fogg, Reeves, & Dryer, 1995; Nass & Reeves, 1996; Nass & Steuer, 1993;…”
The media equation and team formation: Further evidence for experience as a moderator
Johnson, D. M., & Gardner, J. (2006) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.08.007 · Cited by 42
Design Metaphors for Understanding User Expectations of Socially Interactive Robot Embodiments
Dennler, N. S., Ruan, C., Hadiwijoyo, J., Chen, B., Nikolaidis, S., & Matarić, M. J. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3550489 · Cited by 51
The quality of human-automation cooperation in human-system interface for nuclear power plants
Skjerve, A. B., & Skraaning, G. (2004) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.06.001 · Cited by 43
Pan, W., Liu, D., Meng, J., & Liu, H. (2024) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448241259149 · Cited by 47
“Other research has focused on the perceived similarities in personalities between humans and chatbots/machines affecting humans’ liking and evaluations of the chatbots’ machines (e.g., Moon and Nass, 1996; Nass et al., 1996).”
Metadata
- Authors
- MOON, Y., & NASS, C.
- Venue
- Communication Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1996-12
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 651-674
- ISSN
- 0093-6502 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3810
- OpenAlex
- W2110531388
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 7.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Communication Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › AI in Service Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Keywords
- person perception, similarity attraction, interpersonal attraction, human-computer interaction
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