Optimism and attentional bias for negative and positive stimuli
Abstract
Optimism, or positive outcome expectancy, correlates with better psychological and physiological adjustment, in part because of conscious behavior such as coping. However, procedural, automatic, and unconscious processes also may affect adjustment. The emotional Stroop task was used to assess the relationships between optimism and unconscious attentional bias for positively valenced, negatively valenced, neutral current concern, and neutral control stimuli. Undergraduate students (n = 48) completed personality measures at the beginning of the semester and completed the Stroop task under separate cover. Optimism was associated with a greater attentional bias for positive stimuli relative to negative stimuli. Optimism also was associated with slower skin conductance response rates during negative stimuli. Unconscious attentional biases may contribute to the better adjustment associated with optimism.
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High-incentive states are characterized by positive attentional biases, approach-related motor behavior, and subjective states of anticipatory engagement, especially under novel conditions.
“High-incentive states are characterized by positive attentional biases, approach-related motor behavior, and subjective states of anticipatory engagement, especially under novel conditions (Depue & Collins, 1999; Segerstrom, 2001; Vollstadt-Klein, Loeber, Richter, Kirsch, Bach et al., 2011).”
From Incentive Motivation, Cognitive Control, and the Adolescent Brain: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift? (2012) · cites this paper as Segerstrom, 2001
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Sánchez-López, Á., & Vázquez, C. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.910827 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Dolcos, S. M., Hu, Y., Iordan, A. D., Moore, M., & Dolcos, F. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv106 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Vollmann, M., Antoniw, K., Hartung, F., & Renner, B. (2010) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.803 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Always Look on the Bright Side of Life: The Attentional Basis of Positive Affectivity
Grafton, B., Ang, C., & MacLeod, C. (2012) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1842 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Peters, M. L., Vieler, J. S. E., & Lautenbacher, S. (2016) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2015.1048816 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Individual differences, immunity, and cancer: Lessons from personality psychology
Segerstrom, S. C. (2003) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/s0889-1591(02)00072-7 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Raila, H., Scholl, B. J., & Gruber, J. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000049 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Busseri, M. A., Choma, B. L., & Sadava, S. W. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.002 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Bradley, R. H. (2007) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295190701306896 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Luo, L., Reimert, I., Haas, E. N. D., Kemp, B., & Bolhuis, J. E. (2019) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-019-01287-w · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Optimism effects on cellular immunity: testing the affective and persistence models
Segerstrom, S. C., Castañeda, J. O., & Spencer, T. E. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00384-7 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Dispositional optimism and therapeutic expectations in early‐phase oncology trials
Jansen, L. A., Mahadevan, D., Appelbaum, P. S., Klein, W. M. P., Weinstein, N. D., Mori, M., Daffé, R., & Sulmasy, D. P. (2016) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.29908 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Discerning the Role of Optimism in Persuasion: The Valence-Enhancement Hypothesis.
Geers, A. L., Handley, I. M., & McLarney-Vesotski, A. R. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.554 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Icekson, T., Kaplan, O., & Slobodin, O. (2019) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2018.1564257 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Belief in an Unjust World: When Beliefs in a Just World Fail
Lench, H. C., & Chang, E. S. (2007) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890701468477 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Think Positive? Examining the Impact of Optimism on Academic Achievement in Early Adolescents
Tetzner, J., & Becker, M. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12312 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Emotions' Impact on Viewing Behavior under Natural Conditions
Kaspar, K., Hloucal, T.-M., Kriz, J., Canzler, S., Gameiro, R. R., Krapp, V., & Peter König, B. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052737 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Are salespeople born or made? Biology, personality, and the career satisfaction of salespeople
Loveland, J. M., Lounsbury, J. W., Park, S.-H., & Jackson, D. W. (2015) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-12-2012-0257 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Effects of optimism on creativity under approach and avoidance motivation
Icekson, T., Roskes, M., & Moran, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00105 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Investor Reaction to Disclosure of Past Performance and Future Plans
Emett, S. A. (2018) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-52343 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Giving Off a Rosy Glow: The Manipulation of an Optimistic Orientation
Fosnaugh, J., Geers, A. L., & Wellman, J. A. (2009) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.149.3.349-364 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Busseri, M. A. (2012) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1854 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Yu, Y., Xie, Y., Li, P., Liu, B., Xie, J., Bian, C., & Li, M. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.011 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
An exercise in nostalgia: Nostalgia promotes health optimism and physical activity
Kersten, M., Cox, C. R., & Enkevort, E. A. V. (2016) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2016.1185524 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Affective Influences on Evaluative Processing
Herr, P. M., Page, C. M., Pfeiffer, B. E., & Davis, D. (2012) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/660844 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Ormiston, M. E., Wong, E. M., & Ha, J. (2021) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101543 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mauer, N., & Borkenau, P. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.025 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
How optimists face skin cancer information: Risk assessment, attention, memory, and behavior
Luo, J., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2007) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/14768320601070951 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Effect of Goal Difficulty on Escalation of Commitment
Lee, J. S., Keil, M., & Wong, K. F. E. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1835 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Владимировна, П. О., Kappas, A., & Smith, C. A. (2023) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/17540739231164367 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Sulkers, E., Fleer, J., Brinksma, A., Roodbol, P. F., Kamps, W. A., Tissing, W. J. E., & Sanderman, R. (2012) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02096.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Yeung, D. Y.-L., Ho, S. M. Y., & Mak, C. W. Y. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.04.004 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Seeing through rose-colored glasses: How optimistic expectancies guide visual attention
Kress, L., Bristle, M., & Aue, T. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193311 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Optimism, Pessimism, and Motivation: Relations to Adjustment
Chang, E. C., Chang, R., & Sanna, L. J. (2009) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00190.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ben-Haim, M. S., Mama, Y., Icht, M., & Algom, D. (2013) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-013-0545-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Personality and Health Outcomes: Making Positive Expectations a Reality
Lench, H. C. (2010) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9212-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Importance of Being an Optimist: Evidence from Labor Markets
Kaniel, R., Massey, C., & Robinson, D. J. (2010) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16328 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Rovira, T., Castro, J. F., & Edo, S. (2005) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800500134654 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The effects of optimism and pessimism on updating emotional information in working memory
Levens, S. M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.574110 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Birkeland, M. S., Blix, I., Solberg, Ø., & Heir, T. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000188 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Busseri, M. A., Malinowski, A., & Choma, B. L. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.04.015 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Individual differences in optimism predict the recall of personally relevant information
Abele, A. E., & Gendolla, G. H. E. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cognitive and Physiological Measures in Well-Being Science: Limitations and Lessons
Yetton, B. D., Revord, J., Margolis, S., Lyubomirsky, S., & Seitz, A. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01630 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Rumination Moderates the Effects of Cognitive Bias Modification of Attention
Hall, K. A. A., & Joormann, J. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9581-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Does team psychological capital predict team outcomes at work?
Waters, L. E., Strauss, G., Somech, A., Haslam, N., & Dussert, D. (2020) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v10i1.923 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Attentional bias toward safety predicts safety behaviors
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Staying over-optimistic about the future: Uncovering attentional biases to climate change messages
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Amygdala responses to unpleasant pictures are influenced by task demands and positive affect trait
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Candidate Cognitive Processes in Psychophysiologic Insomnia
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Are risk-seekers more optimistic? Non-parametric approach
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Valence in the Reading the Mind in the Eyes task.
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Temperament and Attentional Bias in Vocal Emotional Stroop Tasks
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Interpersonal self-support and attentional bias on negative and positive interpersonal information.
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Identity Crises in Love and at Work
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The moderating role of optimism on politics-outcomes relationships: A test of competing perspectives
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Grafton, B., & MacLeod, C. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9761-x
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The financial advice puzzle: The role of consumer heterogeneity in the advisor choice
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- Authors
- Segerstrom, S. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Segerstrom, Suzanne C.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2001-10
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1334-1343
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W1969094803
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 8.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- optimism, attentional bias, emotional Stroop task, unconscious attention, outcome expectations, positive valence, negative valence, skin conductance response, emotional adjustment, automatic processes
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