Is self-regard a sociometer or a hierometer? Self-esteem tracks status and inclusion, narcissism tracks status.

Mahadevan, Nikhila; Gregg, Aiden P.; Sedikides, Constantine

doi:10.1037/pspp0000189

Cited by 158Personality Traits and PsychologyDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionSocial Power and Status Dynamics

Is self-regard a sociometer or a hierometer? Self-esteem tracks status and inclusion, narcissism tracks status.

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Mahadevan, Nikhila, Gregg, Aiden P., Sedikides, Constantine·2019·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/pspp0000189

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Abstract

What adaptive function does self-regard serve? Sociometer theory predicts that it positively tracks social inclusion. A new theory, hierometer theory, predicts that it positively tracks social status. We tested both predictions with respect to two types of self-regard: self-esteem and narcissism. Study 1 (N = 940), featuring a cross-sectional design, found that both status and inclusion covaried positively with self-esteem, but that status alone covaried positively with narcissism. These links held independently of gender, age, and the Big Five personality traits. Study 2 (N = 627), a preregistered cross-sectional study, obtained similar results with alternative measures of self-esteem and narcissism. Studies 3-4 featured experimental designs in which status and inclusion were orthogonally manipulated. Study 3 (N = 104) found that both higher status and higher inclusion promoted higher self-esteem, whereas only higher status promoted higher narcissism. Study 4 (N = 259) obtained similar results with alternative measures of self-esteem and narcissism. The findings suggest that self-esteem operates as both sociometer and hierometer, positively tracking both status and inclusion, whereas narcissism operates primarily as a hierometer, positively tracking status. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

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The SPOT Effect: People Spontaneously Prefer their Own Theories
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The Effect of Response Format on the Psychometric Properties of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
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Reflected Appraisal through a 21st-Century Looking Glass
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When and why did the human self evolve
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The Role of Hypo-egoic Self-Processes in Optimal Functioning and Subjective Well-Being
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Agency‐Communion and Interest in Prosocial Behavior: Social Motives for Assimilation and Contrast Explain Sociocultural Inconsistencies
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Self-citation
Equivalence of Narcissistic Personality Inventory constructs and correlates across scoring approaches and response formats
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Intellectual arrogance and intellectual humility: correlational evidence for an evolutionary-embodied-epistemological account
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An experimental investigation of the influence of agentic and communal Facebook use on grandiose narcissism
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A Comparison of Unidimensionality and Measurement Precision of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire
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Experiments with people : revelations from social psychology
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Testing competence and acceptance explanations of self-esteem
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The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit
Grapsas, S., Brummelman, E., Back, M. D., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619873350 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
The sociality of personal and collective nostalgia
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Self-citation
Narcissism and the pursuit of status
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Forms and Functions of the Self-Conscious Emotions
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In Search of Narcissus
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Self-citation
Country‐level correlates of the Dark Triad traits in 49 countries
Jonason, P. K., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M. A., Piotrowski, J. P., Sedikides, C., Campbell, W. K., Gebauer, J. E., Maltby, J., Adamovic, M., Adams, B. G., Kadiyono, A. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12569 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citation
How nostalgia infuses life with meaning: From social connectedness to self‐continuity
van Tilburg, W. A. P., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2519 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citation
Multiple Paths to Belonging That We Should Study Together
Hirsch, J. L., & Clark, M. S. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618803629 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Frustration–aggression hypothesis reconsidered: The role of significance quest
Kruglanski, A. W., Ellenberg, M. D., Szumowska, E., Molinario, E., Speckhard, A., Leander, N. P., Pierro, A., Cicco, G. D., & Bushman, B. J. (2023) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.22092 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The motivational potency of nostalgia: The future is called yesterday
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Social hierarchies and social networks in humans
Redhead, D., & Power, E. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0440 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Human status criteria: Sex differences and similarities across 14 nations.
Buss, D. M., Durkee, P. K., Shackelford, T. K., Bowdle, B. F., Schmitt, D. P., Brase, G., Choe, J. C., & Trofimova, I. N. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000206 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self‐esteem development and life events: A review and integrative process framework
Reitz, A. K. (2022) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12709 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Several scholars consider both acceptance and competence to be sources of self-esteem (Crocker & Wolfe, 2001; Harter, 2012; Howell et al., 2019; Tafarodi & Swann, 2001; for evidence, see Mahadevan et al., 2019).”
Background
A Status-Seeking Account of Psychological Entitlement
Lange, J., Redford, L., & Crusius, J. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218808501 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Contemporary integrative interpersonal theory: Integrating structure, dynamics, temporal scale, and levels of analysis.
Wright, A. G. C., Pincus, A. L., & Hopwood, C. J. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000741 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Pride and shame: Key components of a culturally universal status management system
Durkee, P. K., Lukaszewski, A. W., & Buss, D. M. (2019) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2019.06.004 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Creating the sacred from the profane: collective effervescence and everyday activities
Gabriel, S., Naidu, E., Paravati, E., Morrison, C. D., & Gainey, K. (2020) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1689412 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Low self-esteem: a refined cognitive behavioural model
Rimes, K. A., Smith, P. A., & Bridge, L. (2023) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465823000048 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Desperately Seeking Status: How Desires for, and Perceived Attainment of, Status and Inclusion Relate to Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism
Mahadevan, N., & Jordan, C. H. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211021189 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social class, social self-esteem, and conspicuous consumption
Oh, G. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06318 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Purchasing social attention by tipping: Materialism predicts online tipping in live‐streaming platform through self‐enhancement motive
Wu, Y. F., Niu, G., Chen, Z., & Zhang, D. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1973 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Inequality in People's MindsPreprint
Phillips, L. T., Tepper, S. J., Goya‐Tocchetto, D., Davidai, S., Ordabayeva, N., Mirza, M. U., Szászi, B., Day, M. V., Hauser, O., & Jachimowicz, J. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vawh9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
On the doggedness of self-enhancement and self-protection: How constraining are reality constraints?
Sedikides, C. (2018) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2018.1562961 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
Belongingness and the modern schoolchild: on loneliness, socioemotional health, self-esteem, evolutionary mismatch, online sociality, and the numbness of rejection
Baumeister, R. F., & Robson, D. A. (2021) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530.2021.1877573 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Narcissism and psychological needs for social status, power, and belonging
Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Dehaghi, A. M. B. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112231 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Agreeableness, extraversion and life satisfaction: Investigating the mediating roles of social inclusion and status
Connolly, F. F., & Sevä, I. J. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12755 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-Esteem
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Jordan, C., & Cameron, J. J. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0124 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Will they stay or will they go? Narcissistic admiration and rivalry predict ingroup affiliation and devaluation
Benson, A. J., Jeschke, J., Jordan, C. H., Bruner, M. W., & Arnocky, S. A. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12441 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Contemporary Integrative Interpersonal Theory: Integrating Structure, Dynamics, Temporal Scale, and Levels of AnalysisPreprint
Wright, A. G. C., Pincus, A. L., & Hopwood, C. J. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fknc8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The ups and downs of social life: Within‐person variations in daily status and inclusion differentially predict self‐regard and interpersonal behavior
Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12559 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Self-esteem as a hierometer: Sociometric status is a more potent and proximate predictor of self-esteem than socioeconomic status.
Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001056 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation
Which aspects of narcissism are related to Social Networking Sites addiction? The role of self-enhancement and self-protection
Balcerowska, J. M., & Sawicki, A. J. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111530 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effect of physical exercise on social adaptability of college students: Chain intermediary effect of social-emotional competency and self-esteem
Liu, Y., Feng, Q., Tong, Y., & Guo, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120925 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Women feel more attractive before ovulation: evidence from a large-scale online diary study
Schleifenbaum, L., Driebe, J. C., Gerlach, T. M., Penke, L., & Arslan, R. C. (2021) · Evolutionary Human Sciences · doi:10.1017/ehs.2021.44 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Culture and narcissism: The roles of fundamental social motives
Li, Z., & Benson, A. J. (2022) · Current Research in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.crbeha.2022.100072 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Just my luck: Narcissistic admiration and rivalry differentially predict word of mouth about promotional games
Kirk, C. P., Peck, J., Hart, C. M., & Sedikides, C. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.06.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
How does social status relate to self-esteem and emotion? An integrative test of hierometer theory and social rank theory.
Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001286 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Daily fluctuations in social status, self‐esteem, and clinically relevant emotions: Testing hierometer theory and social rank theory at a within‐person level
Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12752 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Psychology of Collective Narcissism
de Zavala, A. G. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003296577 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Drivers of desire for social rank.
Mitchell, R. L., Bae, K. K., Case, C. R., & Hays, N. A. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.027 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Conceptualizing grandiose and vulnerable narcissism as alternative status‐seeking strategies: Insights from hierometer theory
Mahadevan, N. (2024) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12977 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
Self-Esteem and Social Status: Dominance Theory and Hierometer Theory?
Gregg, A. P., Sedikides, C., & Pegler, A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1450-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
Asymmetries in Mutual Understanding: People With Low Status, Power, and Self-Esteem Understand Better Than They Are Understood
Talaifar, S., Buhrmester, M. D., Ayduk, Ö. N., & Swann, W. B. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620958003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
How loneliness undermines close relationships and persists over time: The role of perceived regard and care.
Lemay, E. P., Cutri, J. N., & Teneva, N. (2024) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000451 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ease and control: the cognitive benefits of hierarchy
Zitek, E. M., & Phillips, L. T. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Where I am and where I want to be: Perceptions of and aspirations for status and inclusion differentially predict psychological health
Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.041 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
What makes people feel respected? Toward an integrative psychology of social worth.
Rothers, A., & Cohrs, J. C. (2022) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000393 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Do Competitive Contexts Affect Mindreading Performance?
Colle, L., Dimaggio, G., Carcione, A., Nicolò, G., Semerari, A., & Chiavarino, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01284 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
How self‐esteem and narcissism differentially relate to high and (un)stable feelings of status and inclusion
Benson, A. J., & Giacomin, M. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12565 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The mediating role of locus of control between social resource stability and psychological well‐being
Strong, S. L., & Gore, J. S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12674 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The desire to be remembered: A review and analysis of legacy motivations and behaviors
Waggoner, B., Bering, J. M., & Halberstadt, J. B. (2022) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.101005 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
In good times and in bad: A longitudinal analysis of the impact of bereavement on self-esteem and life satisfaction in couples
Reitz, A. K., Weidmann, R., Wünsche, J., Bühler, J. L., Burriss, R. P., & Grob, A. (2022) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070211054896 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Coalitional Value Theory: an Evolutionary Approach to Understanding Culture
Winegard, B., Kirsch, A., Vonasch, A. J., Winegard, B. M., & Geary, D. C. (2020) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-020-00235-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Socioeconomic inequalities in mental health and wellbeing among UK students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clarifying underlying mechanisms
Dougall, I., Vasiljevic, M., Kutlaca, M., & Weick, M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292842 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Social class and wellbeing among staff and students in higher education settings: Mapping the problem and exploring underlying mechanisms
Dougall, I., Weick, M., & Vasiljevic, M. (2021) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12814 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The scarring impact of status loss in social anxiety: An evolutionary perspective
Azoulay, R., & Gilboa‐Schechtman, E. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102600 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The many faces of narcissism: Phenomenology, antecedents, and consequences
Jordan, C. H., Nevicka, B., & Sedikides, C. (2019) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2019.1680427 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
How and when does leader narcissism hinder team radical creativity? The role of team information elaboration and inter-team competition
Liu, Z., Zhou, R., Wei, L., Ouyang, X., & Zhou, K. (2021) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-08-2021-0347 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The nature of status: Navigating the varied approaches to conceptualizing and measuring status
Xu, T., Evans, M. B., & Benson, A. J. (2023) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/20413866231220505 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Does competence or morality mainly drive self-esteem? It depends on general system justification
Liang, Y., Tan, X., Dang, J., Wei, C., Gu, Z., & Liu, L. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104207 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status and Meta-Perceptions: How Markers of Culture and Rank Predict Beliefs About How Others See Us
Engstrom, H. R., Laurin, K., Kay, N. R., & Human, L. J. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231171435 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Development of Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism in Young Adulthood
Wolff, C., & Wetzel, E. (2023) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.77870 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A Rising Tide Lifts Some Boats, but Leaves Many Others Behind: The Harms of Inequality-Induced Status Seeking and the Remedial Effects of Employee Ownership
Bratanova, B., Summers, J., Liu, S., & Vauclair, C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28856-3_5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
When imitating successful others fails: Accidentally successful exemplars inspire risky decisions and can hamper performance
van Tilburg, W. A. P., & Mahadevan, N. (2019) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021819895705 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
The role of interpersonal perceptions of social inclusion and personality in momentary self-esteem and self-esteem reactivity
Bleckmann, E., Lüdtke, O., Mueller, S., & Wagner, J. (2022) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070221080954 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Narcissism and Self-Esteem Revisited : The Mediating Roles of Perceived Status and Inclusion
Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Vonk, J. M. (2022) · Identity · doi:10.1080/15283488.2022.2081572 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Consumed by Boredom: Food Choice Motivation and Weight Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic
van Tilburg, W. A. P., Pekrun, R. H., & Igou, E. R. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12100366 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-esteem, gender, and emotional contagion: What predicts people’s proneness to “catch” the feelings of others?
Juszkiewicz, A., Lachowicz‐Tabaczek, K., & Wróbel, M. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109803 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The position that awaits: Implications of expected future status for performance, helping, motivation, and well-being at work
Lemay, E. P., Park, H., Fernandez, J., & Marr, J. C. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104560 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Does religiosity drive sustainability? Analyzing the impact of religiosity on sustainability behaviors among Muslim consumers in Pakistan
Zafran, M. (2025) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-025-00840-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The relation of geek culture engagement to narcissism and self-esteem: Potential roles of admiration, rivalry, status, and inclusion
Andrews, T. W., & McCann, S. J. H. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00697-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
COVID-19 and sports fans: examining the pandemic’s impact on need fulfillment and psychosocial outcomes
Simmons, J. M., Stensland, P. J., & Slavich, M. A. (2022) · Managing Sport and Leisure · doi:10.1080/23750472.2022.2059546 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cross‐cultural dynamics of narcissism and prosocial behavior: Unveiling the role of social status pursuit and collectivism
An, Z., Zou, Y., Wu, S., Tong, S., & Peng, K. (2024) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.70010 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Social Class, Sex, and the Ability to Recognize Emotions: The Main Effect is in the Interaction
Brener, S. A., Frankenhuis, W. E., Young, E. S., & Ellis, B. J. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231159775 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Inequality in People’s Minds: An Integrative Psychological Framework of Perceptions of Economic Inequality
Phillips, L. T., Tepper, S. J., Goya‐Tocchetto, D., Davidai, S., Ordabayeva, N., Mirza, M. U., Szászi, B., Day, M. V., Hauser, O., & Jachimowicz, J. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683251352048 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Response to relative performance feedback in simulation games
Lee, B. W., Lee, M. K., & Fredendall, L. D. (2022) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2022.100698 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Social Interaction Profiles Among Youth with Intellectual Disabilities: Associations with Indicators of Psychosocial Adjustment
Dubé, C., Morin, A. J. S., Tóth‐Király, I., Olivier, É., Tracey, D., McCune, V. S., Craven, R. G., & Maïano, C. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05783-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
CyberStatus: Responses to status manipulation and fears of positive and negative evaluations
Azoulay, R., & Gilboa‐Schechtman, E. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102845 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Just Because I'm Great (and You're Not): When, Why, and How Narcissistic Individuals Give Gifts to Others
Kirk, C. P., Sedikides, C., & Givi, J. (2024) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12983 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
The development and correlated change of narcissism and self-esteem in adulthood
Jung, J., Rentzsch, K., & Schröder–Abé, M. (2022) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070221134410 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Can you expect those with status to be ethical? The effects of status on trust
Soderberg, A. T., & Howe, D. (2020) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1080/10508422.2020.1819282 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Dual Pathways to Masculinity Threats: The Roles of Social Role Incongruity and Social Connection in Masculine Identity Maintenance Among Gay and Straight Men
Lamarche, V. M., Croft, A., & Atkinson, C. (2025) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3169 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Narcissists don’t care about approval: the role of narcissism and status motives in explaining the relationship between self-objectification and approval motivation
Chen, S., van Tilburg, W. A. P., Mahadevan, N., & Leman, P. J. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06141-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Grandiose narcissism, unfounded beliefs, and behavioral reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic
Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M. A., Sawicki, A. J., Piotrowski, J. P., Lifshin, U., Kretchner, M., Skowronski, J. J., Sedikides, C., Jonason, P. K., Adamovic, M., Ahmed, O., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-67954-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2018)
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Authors: Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C.
Affiliations: University of Southampton (GB)
Corresponding author: Mahadevan, Nikhila
ORCID: Mahadevan, Nikhila
Gregg, Aiden P.
Sedikides, Constantine
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2019-03
Volume: 116
Issue: 3
Pages: 444-466
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000189
OpenAlex: W2796264952
Cited by: 158
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2013: 2
FWCI: 15.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (acceptedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Keywords: self-esteem, narcissism, sociometer theory, social status, social inclusion, self-regard
MeSH terms: Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Narcissism, Psychological Theory, Psychology, Social, Self Concept, Social Class, Psychological Distance, Young Adult

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Is self-regard a sociometer or a hierometer? Self-esteem tracks status and inclusion, narcissism tracks status.

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