Contingencies of Self-Worth in College Students: Theory and Measurement.
Abstract
The Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale assesses 7 sources of self-esteem in college students: academics, appearance, approval from others, competition, family support, God's love, and virtue. In confirmatory factor analyses on data from 1,418 college students, a 7-factor model fit to the data acceptably well and significantly better than several plausible alternative models. The subscales all have high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, are distinct from other personality measures, and have a simplex structure arrayed on a continuum from external to internal sources of self-esteem. Contingencies of self-worth assessed prior to college predicted how students spent their time during their 1st year of college.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Contingent self-worth functions as a double-edged sword, entailing great commitment but also relating to greater emotional distress.
“Contingent self-worth functions as a doubleedged sword, on the one hand entailing great commitment (Crocker et al. 2003) but on the other hand also relating to greater emotional distress (Van der Kaap-Deeder et al. 2016).”
From Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions (2020) · cites this paper as Crocker et al. 2003
Cites
The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210 · see citing works
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126 · see citing works
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200 · see citing works
James, W. (1891) · Henry Holt and Company eBooks · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,799 · see citing works
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559 · see citing works
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 19,266 · see citing works
(1969) · Cited by 18,340 · see citing works
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Mueller, C. W., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074955 · Cited by 14,211 · see citing works
The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467 · see citing works
Mead, G. H., Joas, H., Huebner, D. R., & Morris, C. W. (2015) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001 · Cited by 12,408 · see citing works
The Social psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,577 · see citing works
EQS : structural equations program manual
Bentler, P. M. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,669 · see citing works
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446 · see citing works
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Clogg, C. C., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1995) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2580595 · Cited by 8,244 · see citing works
Social psychology of intergroup relations
Tajfel, H. (1982) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245 · Cited by 7,949 · see citing works
A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance
Steele, C. M. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.6.613 · Cited by 6,770 · see citing works
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872 · see citing works
Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women's Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T.-A. (1997) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x · Cited by 5,531 · see citing works
Human Nature and the Social Order
Cooley, C. H. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203789513 · Cited by 4,847 · see citing works
The antecedents of self-esteem
Coopersmith, S. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,649 · see citing works
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174794 · Cited by 4,110 · see citing works
Rogers, C. R. (1961) · Cited by 3,796 · see citing works
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Wright, B. R. E., Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2000) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654424 · Cited by 3,327 · see citing works
Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains.
Ryan, R. M., & Connell, J. P. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.749 · Cited by 3,311 · see citing works
Human Nature and the Social Order
Ginsberg, M. (1941) · Nature · doi:10.1038/148351a0 · Cited by 3,167 · see citing works
Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals
Elliot, A. J. (1999) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3 · Cited by 3,103 · see citing works
Thielke, S. M. (2004) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.55.9.1071 · Cited by 3,066 · see citing works
A Collective Self-Esteem Scale: Self-Evaluation of One’s Social Identity
Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167292183006 · Cited by 3,057 · see citing works
Self-citationModels of the self: self-construals and gender.
Cross, S., & Madson, L. (1997) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.122.1.5 · Cited by 2,851 · see citing works
A motivational approach to self: integration in personality.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 2,704 · see citing works
Alternative ways of assessing model fit
Browne, M. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,595 · see citing works
The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory
Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(00)80003-9 · Cited by 2,521 · see citing works
Raskin, R. N., & Terry, H. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890 · Cited by 2,509 · see citing works
Statistically based tests for the number of common factors
Steiger, J. H. (1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,413 · see citing works
Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.1.5 · Cited by 2,378 · see citing works
Psychological perspectives on the self
Suls, J. M., & Greenwald, A. G. (1982) · Lawrence Erlbaum Associates eBooks · Cited by 2,300 · see citing works
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.5.890 · Cited by 2,267 · see citing works
Avoidance of Intimacy: An Attachment Perspective
Bartholomew, K. (1990) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407590072001 · Cited by 2,153 · see citing works
Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219 · Cited by 2,113 · see citing works
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-4918 · Cited by 2,016 · see citing works
The Approval Motive: Studies in Evaluative Dependence
Edwards, A. L., Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1965) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1420595 · Cited by 1,955 · see citing works
Global Self-Esteem and Specific Self-Esteem: Different Concepts, Different Outcomes
Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., & Rosenberg, F. (1995) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096350 · Cited by 1,809 · see citing works
Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment.
Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.430 · Cited by 1,762 · see citing works
TARGET ARTICLE: Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem
Kernis, M. H. (2003) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1401_01 · Cited by 1,683 · see citing works
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.593 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
Self-citationA practical and theoretical guide to measurement invariance in aging research
Horn, J. L., & Mcardle, J. J. (1992) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610739208253916 · Cited by 1,592 · see citing works
James, W. (n.d.) · University of Michigan Library Repository · Cited by 1,439 · see citing works
Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL: Essentials and Advances.
Land, K. C., & Hayduk, L. A. (1990) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2579660 · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60328-7 · Cited by 1,296 · see citing works
Narcissism, Self-Esteem, and the Positivity of Self-Views: Two Portraits of Self-Love
Campbell, W. K., Rudich, E. A., & Sedikides, C. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202286007 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.102.1.122 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Psychological perspectives on the self
Hampson, S. E. (1985) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(85)90049-2 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
From self-conceptions to self-worth: On the sources and structure of global self-esteem.
Pelham, B. W., & Swann, W. B. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.57.4.672 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Prejudice: The Target's Perspective
McKinney, K. D., Swim, J. K., & Stangor, C. (1999) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2655298 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
(1995) · Cited by 745 · see citing works
Symbolic interactionist view of self-concept: Through the looking glass darkly.
Shrauger, J., & Schoeneman, T. J. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.549 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
James, W. (1892) · Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1037/11630-000 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Zahn, G. C., & Wylie, R. C. (1962) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3708588 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Action, Emotion, and Personality: Emerging Conceptual Integration
Carver, C. S., Sutton, S. K., & Scheier, M. F. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200268008 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Josephs, R. A., Markus, H. R., & Tafarodi, R. W. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.391 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
From self-conceptions to self-worth: On the sources and structure of global self-esteem.
Pelham, B. W., & Swann, W. B. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.672 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Some Cautions Concerning The Application Of Causal Modeling Methods
Cliff, N. (1983) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr1801_7 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Efficacy, Agency, and Self-Esteem
Kernis, M. H. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1280-0_12 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Mathematical Thinking in the Social Sciences
Furfey, P. H., & Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1954) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3709086 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1995) · Efficacy, Agency, and Self-Esteem · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1280-0_3 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Major, B., Spencer, S. J., Schmader, T., Wolfe, C., & Crocker, J. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298241003 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Self-citationProcesses underlying the construction, maintenance and enhancement of the self-concept in children
Harter, S. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 469 · see citing works
God Image as a Function of Self-Esteem and Locus of Control
Benson, P., & Spilka, B. (1973) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384430 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Global self-esteem: Its relation to specific facets of self-concept and their importance.
Marsh, H. W. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1224 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Mathematical thinking in the social sciences
Trucco, E. (1955) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/bf02477861 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Crocker, J., Karpinski, A., Quinn, D. M., & Chase, S. K. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.507 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Self-citationCrocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. K. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203029006003 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Self-citationA General Attribution Theory for the Psychology of Religion
Spilka, B., Shaver, P. R., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1985) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1386272 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Rhodewalt, F. T., Madrian, J. C., & Cheney, S. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298241006 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Religiousness, Race, and Psychological Well-Being: Exploring Social Psychological Mediators
Blaine, B. E., & Crocker, J. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672952110004 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Self-citationGender and Thought: The Role of the Self-Concept
Markus, H. R., & Oyserman, D. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3588-0_6 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
A General Attribution Theory for the Psychology of Religion
Spilka, B., Shaver, P. R., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429495915-12 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Coping with Stigma through Psychological Disengagement
Major, B., & Schmader, T. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012679130-3/50045-4 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Religiousness and mental health reconsidered: A study of an intrinsically religious sample.
Bergin, A. E., Masters, K. S., & Richards, P. S. (1987) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.34.2.197 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Dienstbier, R. A. (2022) · doi:10.5040/9798216424055.ch-24 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Conformity to sex-typed norms, affect, and the self-concept.
Wood, W., Christensen, P. N., Hebl, M. R., & Rothgerber, H. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.523 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Hopes Dashed and Dreams Fulfilled: Contingencies of Self-Worth and Graduate School Admissions
Crocker, J., Sommers, S. R., & Luhtanen, R. K. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672022812012 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationOsborne, J. W. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167295215003 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
School experiences predicting changes in self-esteem of sixth- and seventh-grade students.
Hoge, D. R., Smit, E. K., & Hanson, S. L. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.117 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Contingencies of Self-Worth: Implications for Self-Regulation and Psychological Vulnerability
Crocker, J. (2002) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/152988602317319320 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiple Facets of Self-Esteem and their Relations to Depressive Symptoms
Kernis, M. H., Whisenhunt, C. R., Waschull, S. B., Greenier, K. D., Berry, A. J., Herlocker, C. E., & Anderson, C. A. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298246009 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Sources of Self-Esteem
Schwalbe, M. L., & Staples, C. L. (1991) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786933 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
The Interactive Roles Of Stability And Level Of Self-Esteem: Research and Theory
Kernis, M. H., & Waschull, S. B. (1995) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60404-9 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Trait Anxiety and Intrinsic-Extrinsic Religiousness
Baker, M., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1982) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1385497 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Marsh, H. W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.975 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Religion, Race and Psychological Well-Being
George, A. S., & McNamara, P. H. (1984) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1385724 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-investment and self-esteem: Evidence for a Jamesian model of self-worth.
Pelham, B. W. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1141 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Academic Achievement and Self-Esteem Among Black and White College Students
Demo, D. H., & Parker, K. D. (1987) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1987.9713714 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Influence of individual and group identity salience in the global self-esteem of youth.
Hoge, D. R., & McCarthy, J. D. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.47.2.403 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Roberts, J. E., & Kassel, J. D. (1997) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1021861503072 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Influence of individual and group identity salience in the global self-esteem of youth.
Hoge, D. R., & McCarthy, J. D. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.2.403 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Ethnic differences in intrinsic/extrinsic religious orientation and depression in the elderly.
Nelson, P. B. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Contingencies of self-worth: Progress and prospects
Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., & Sommers, S. R. (2004) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280440000017 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial stigma and self-esteem: The role of contingencies of worth.
Crocker, J., & Lawrence, J. S. (1999) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonality changes as a function of Minimum Competency Test success or failure
Richman, C. L., Brown, K. P., & Clark, M. L. (1987) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0361-476x(87)80034-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Negotiating Order: Sectoral Policies and Social Learning in Ontario
Wolfe, D. A. (2002) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781403907301_11 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Steiger, W. L., & Bloomfield, P. (1980) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1980.10486188 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Crocker, R. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0217-1_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 106 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program
Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21923 · Cited by 2,253 · see citing works
The Sources of Four Commonly Reported Cutoff Criteria: What Did They Really Say?
Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428105284919 · Cited by 2,053 · see citing works
Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions
Vansteenkiste, M., Ryan, R. M., & Soenens, B. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09818-1 · Cited by 1,891 · see citing works
TARGET ARTICLE: Toward a Conceptualization of Optimal Self-Esteem
Kernis, M. H. (2003) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1401_01 · Cited by 1,683 · see citing works
The Costly Pursuit of Self-Esteem
Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.392 · Cited by 1,402 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf‐Compassion Versus Global Self‐Esteem: Two Different Ways of Relating to Oneself
Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
Self‐Compassion, Self‐Esteem, and Well‐Being
Neff, K. D. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
Perloff, R. M. (2014) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0384-6 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
Too Much of a Good Thing: The Challenge and Opportunity of the Inverted U
Grant, A. M., & Schwartz, B. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393523 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
Sociometer theory and the pursuit of relational value: Getting to the root of self-esteem
Leary, M. R. (2005) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280540000007 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Self-Compassion: What It Is, What It Does, and How It Relates to Mindfulness
Neff, K. D., & Dahm, K. A. (2015) · Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_10 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Albertson, E. R., Neff, K. D., & Shackleford, K. E. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0277-3 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Love me Tinder: Untangling emerging adults’ motivations for using the dating application Tinder
Sumter, S. R., Vandenbosch, L., & Ligtenberg, L. (2016) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2016.04.009 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
On Passion for Life Activities
Vallerand, R. J. (2010) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(10)42003-1 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Assessing Three Sources of Misresponse to Reversed Likert Items
Swain, S. D., Weathers, D., & Niedrich, R. W. (2008) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.45.1.116 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Body dissatisfaction and adolescent self-esteem: Prospective findings
Tiggemann, M. (2005) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.03.006 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
The Light vs. Dark Triad of Personality: Contrasting Two Very Different Profiles of Human Nature
Kaufman, S., Yaden, D., Hyde, E., & Tsukayama, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00467 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Crocker, J., & Knight, K. M. (2005) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00364.x · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Self-citationUntangling the Links between Narcissism and Self‐esteem: A Theoretical and Empirical Review
Bosson, J. K., Lakey, C. E., Campbell, W. K., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Jordan, C. H., & Kernis, M. H. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00089.x · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Whatever It Takes to Win: Rivalry Increases Unethical Behavior
Kilduff, G. J., Galinsky, A. D., Gallo, E., & Reade, J. J. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0545 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
The fatiguing effects of camera use in virtual meetings: A within-person field experiment.
Shockley, K. M., Gabriel, A. S., Robertson, D., Rosen, C. C., Chawla, N., Ganster, M. L., & Ezerins, M. E. (2021) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000948 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Ostracism, Self-Esteem, and Job Performance: When Do We Self-Verify and When Do We Self-Enhance?
Ferris, D. L., Lian, H., Brown, D. J., & Morrison, R. L. (2014) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0347 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Rieger, E., Van Buren, D. J., Bishop, M., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Welch, R., & Wilfley, D. E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.02.001 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Mouratidis, A., Katartzi, E., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., & Vlachopoulos, S. (2018) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.07.006 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Cuing Consumerism: Situational Materialism Undermines Personal and Social Well-Being
Bauer, M. A., Wilkie, J. E. B., Kim, J. K., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611429579 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
The Costs of Seeking Self–Esteem
Crocker, J. (2002) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00279 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationSwann, W. B., & Bosson, J. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001016
Chowning, K., & Campbell, N. J. (2009) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016351 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Empowering or Oppressing? Development and Exploration of the Enjoyment of Sexualization Scale
Liss, M., Erchull, M. J., & Ramsey, L. R. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210386119 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Comparing three models of achievement goals: Goal orientations, goal standards, and goal complexes.
Senko, C., & Tropiano, K. L. (2016) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000114 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Orth, U., Robins, R. W., Meier, L. L., & Conger, R. D. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000038 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Ferraro, R., Shiv, B., & Bettman, J. R. (2005) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/429601 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Toward the Development of the Stereotypic Roles for Black Women Scale
Thomas, A. J., Witherspoon, K. M., & Speight, S. L. (2004) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798404266061 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Clark, C. B., & Pickard, J. D. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00503.x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Body Image Concerns and Contingent Self-Esteem in Male and Female College Students
Grossbard, J. R., Lee, C. M., Neighbors, C., & Larimer, M. E. (2008) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9535-y · Cited by 217 · see citing works
The Pursuit of Self‐Esteem: Contingencies of Self‐Worth and Self‐Regulation
Crocker, J., Brook, A. T., Niiya, Y., & Villacorta, M. A. (2006) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00427.x · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Love's Lost Labor: A Self-Enhancement Model of Workplace Incivility
Chen, Y., Ferris, D. L., Kwan, H. K., Yan, M. N., Zhou, M., & Hong, Y. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0906 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Contingencies of Self-Worth and Social-Networking-Site Behavior
Stefanone, M. A., Lackaff, D., & Rosen, D. (2011) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0049 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Our possessions, our selves: Domains of self‐worth and the possession–self link
Ferraro, R., Escalas, J. E., & Bettman, J. R. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2010.08.007 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Doing Gender in the Bedroom: Investing in Gender Norms and the Sexual Experience
Sanchez, D., Crocker, J., & Boike, K. R. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205277333 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationHoman, K. J., & Tylka, T. L. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.007 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Personal or interpersonal construal of happiness: A cultural psychological perspective
Uchida, Y., & Ogihara, Y. (2012) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v2.i4.5 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Kernis, M. H., Lakey, C. E., & Heppner, W. L. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00493.x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. K. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203029006003 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-esteem and Coping Strategies among Deaf Students
Jambor, E. E. (2004) · The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/eni004 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Suhlmann, M., Sassenberg, K., Nagengast, B., & Trautwein, U. (2018) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000325 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Relationship-contingent self-esteem and the ups and downs of romantic relationships
Knee, C. R., Canevello, A., Bush, A. L., & Cook, A. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.608 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Park, L. E. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206296301 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Ranks and Rivals: A Theory of Competition
Garcia, S. M., Tor, A., & Gonzalez, R. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206287640 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-Objectification and Well-Being in Women's Daily Lives
Breines, J. G., Crocker, J., & García, J. A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207313727 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationHardy, S. A., Bean, D. S., & Olsen, J. A. (2014) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0172-1 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The role of self‐esteem contingencies in the distinction between obsessive and harmonious passion
Mageau, G. A., Carpentier, J., & Vallerand, R. J. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.798 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Moral identity as moral ideal self: Links to adolescent outcomes
Hardy, S. A., Walker, L. J., Olsen, J. A., Woodbury, R. D., & Hickman, J. R. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033598 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-esteem is dominated by agentic over communal information
Wojciszke, B., Baryla, W., Parzuchowski, M., Szymkow, A., & Abele, A. E. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.791 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Kruglanski, A. W., Molinario, E., Jaśko, K., Webber, D. J., Leander, N. P., & Pierro, A. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211034825 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Threats to belonging on Facebook: Lurking and ostracism
Tobin, S. J., Vanman, E. J., Verreynne, M., & Saeri, A. K. (2015) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510.2014.893924 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Social psychological theories of disordered eating in college women: Review and integration
Fitzsimmons‐Craft, E. E. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.011 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Attachment Styles and Contingencies of Self-Worth
Park, L. E., Crocker, J., & Mickelson, K. D. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264000 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationGeneration Validation: The Role of Social Comparison in Use of Instagram Among Emerging Adults
Stapleton, P., Luiz, G., & Chatwin, H. (2017) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0444 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Luhtanen, R. K., & Crocker, J. (2005) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.19.1.99 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom Vulnerability to Resilience
Niiya, Y., Crocker, J., & Bartmess, E. N. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00759.x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes self-threat promote social connection? The role of self-esteem and contingencies of self-worth.
Park, L. E., & Maner, J. K. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013933 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Cultural Prototypes and Dimensions of Honor
Cross, S. E., Üskül, A. K., Gerçek‐Swing, B., Sunbay, Z., Alözkan, C., Günsoy, C., Ataca, B., & Karakitapoğlu‐Aygün, Z. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213510323 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Robson, C., & Witenberg, R. T. (2013) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2012.762921 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
DiBartolo, P. M., Frost, R. O., Chang, P., LaSota, M. T., & Grills, A. E. (2004) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1023/b:jore.0000047310.94044.ac · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Servant leadership and proactive customer service performance
Ye, Y., Lyu, Y., & He, Y. (2019) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-03-2018-0180 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Social acceptance and self-esteem: Tuning the sociometer to interpersonal value.
Anthony, D. B., Holmes, J. G., & Wood, J. V. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1024 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Cosmetic Surgery: A Common and Accepted Form of Self-Improvement?1
Delinsky, S. S. (2005) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02207.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Agthe, M., Spörrle, M., & Maner, J. K. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211410355 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Zuckerman, M., & Tsai, F. (2005) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00314.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
How Investment in Gender Ideals Affects Well-Being: The Role of External Contingencies of Self-Worth
Sanchez, D. T., & Crocker, J. (2005) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00169.x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationKrause, H.-V., Baum, K., Baumann, A., & Krasnova, H. (2019) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2019.1656646 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Terror management and adults' attachment to their parents: The safe haven remains
Cox, C. R., Arndt, J., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Abdollahi, A., & Solomon, S. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.696 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Creating hostility and conflict: Effects of entitlement and self-image goals
Moeller, S. J., Crocker, J., & Bushman, B. J. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.11.005 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationHow Do the Dimensions of Perfectionism Relate to Mental Health?
DiBartolo, P. M., Li, C. Y., & Frost, R. O. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9157-7 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
SELF-ESTEEM AND JOB PERFORMANCE: THE MODERATING ROLE OF SELF-ESTEEM CONTINGENCIES
Ferris, D. L., Lian, H., Brown, D. J., PANG, F. X. J., & Keeping, L. M. (2010) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01181.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Contingencies of Self–Worth and Depressive Symptoms in College Students
Sargent, J. T., Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. K. (2006) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.628 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationHulleman, C. S., Barron, K. E., Kosovich, J. J., & Lazowski, R. A. (2016) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28606-8_10 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Herrmann, J., Koeppen, K., & Kessels, U. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.11.011 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
STRATEGIC IMAGE MANAGEMENT ONLINE
Rui, J. R., & Stefanone, M. A. (2013) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2013.763834 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Situational disengagement and persistence in the face of adversity
Nussbaum, A. D., & Steele, C. M. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.007 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Ogihara, Y., & Uchida, Y. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00135 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Development and exploration of the gratitude model of body appreciation in women
Homan, K. J., & Tylka, T. L. (2018) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.01.008 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Barreto, M., Ellemers, N., Piebinga, L., & Moya, M. (2009) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9699-0 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Brands: The Opiate of the Nonreligious Masses?
Shachar, R., Erdem, T., Cutright, K. M., & Fitzsimons, G. J. (2010) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.1100.0591 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Caution: Fragile! Regulating the interpersonal security of chronically insecure partners.
Lemay, E. P., & Dudley, K. L. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021655 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Servant leadership and employee voice: a moderated mediation
Song, Y., Tian, Q.-T., & Kwan, H. K. (2021) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-02-2020-0077 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Narcissism and self-esteem reactivity: The role of negative achievement events
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Myers, E. M., & Clark, C. B. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.02.005 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Proud Americans and lucky Japanese: Cultural differences in appraisal and corresponding emotion.
Imada, T., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022855 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Age differences in instability, contingency, and level of self-esteem across the life span
Meier, L. L., Orth, U., Denissen, J. J. A., & Kühnel, A. (2011) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.08.008 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
When does self-esteem relate to deviant behavior? The role of contingencies of self-worth.
Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Lian, H., & Keeping, L. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016115 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self Processes in Adolescent Depression: The Role of Self‐Worth Contingencies
Burwell, R. A., & Shirk, S. R. (2006) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00503.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The person in the purchase: Narcissistic consumers prefer products that positively distinguish them.
Lee, S. Y., Gregg, A. P., & Park, S. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032703 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Pachankis, J. E., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2013) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2013.764304 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Gaming-contingent self-worth, gaming motivation, and Internet Gaming Disorder
Beard, C. L., & Wickham, R. E. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.046 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Contingencies of Self-Worth and Appearance Concerns
Overstreet, N. M., & Quinn, D. M. (2012) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684311435221 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Brief self-compassion meditation training for body image distress in young adult women
Toole, A. M., & Craighead, L. W. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.09.001 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Moldes, O., & Ku, L. (2020) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21387 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Supervisor incivility and how it affects subordinates’ performance: a matter of trust
Jawahar, I. M. “., & Schreurs, B. H. J. (2018) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-01-2017-0022 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Effects of Salient Multiple Identities on Women's Performance Under Mathematics Stereotype Threat
Gresky, D. M., Eyck, L. L. T., Lord, C. G., & McIntyre, R. B. (2005) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-005-7735-2 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
- Authors
- Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Missouri (US)
- ORCID
- Crocker, Jennifer
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2003-11
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 894-908
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1993403980
- Cited by
- 1,018
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 17.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- self-esteem, contingencies of self-worth, university students, academic performance, appearance, social approval, competition, family support, faith, virtue, scale development, factor structure, time use
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Inventory, Psychological Theory, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Social Values, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
