Global Self-Esteem and Specific Self-Esteem: Different Concepts, Different Outcomes

Rosenberg, Morris; Schooler, Carmi; Schoenbach, Carrie; Rosenberg, Florence

doi:10.2307/2096350

Cited by 1,809Personality Traits and PsychologyCultural Differences and ValuesSocial Power and Status Dynamics

Global Self-Esteem and Specific Self-Esteem: Different Concepts, Different Outcomes

Rosenberg, Morris, Schooler, Carmi, Schoenbach, Carrie, Rosenberg, Florence·1995·American Sociological Review

DOI 10.2307/2096350

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Morris Rosenberg, Carmi Schooler, Carrie Schoenbach, Florence Rosenberg, Global Self-Esteem and Specific Self-Esteem: Different Concepts, Different Outcomes, American Sociological Review, Vol. 60, No. 1 (Feb., 1995), pp. 141-156

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/2096350

Cites

40 of 40 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Specific self-esteem predicts specific behavior, while global self-esteem predicts psychological well-being.
“Specific self-esteem predicts specific behavior, while global self-esteem predicts psychological well-being because specific prices have a stronger effect on behavior than global self-esteem [33].”
From Empowerment in the treatment of fatigue in breast cancer patients (2021) · cites this paper as [33]

Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Henry Holt and Company eBooks · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,799 · see citing works
Cognitive Therapy for Depression
(2012) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e675542012-001 · Cited by 9,678 · see citing works
The structure of coping
Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136319 · Cited by 7,791 · see citing works
Self-citation
Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation.
Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.87.1.49 · Cited by 7,121 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872 · see citing works
The antecedents of self-esteem
Coopersmith, S. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,649 · see citing works
Self-schemata and processing information about the self.
Markus, H. R. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.2.63 · Cited by 3,911 · see citing works
The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history.
Greenwald, A. G. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.7.603 · Cited by 1,942 · see citing works
Self-Concept: Its Multifaceted, Hierarchical Structure
Marsh, H. W., & Shavelson, R. J. (1985) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2003_1 · Cited by 1,527 · see citing works
A self-presentational view of social phenomena.
Baumeister, R. F. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.91.1.3 · Cited by 1,481 · see citing works
Identity negotiation: Where two roads meet.
Swann, W. B. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.6.1038 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Work and Personality: An Inquiry into the Impact of Social Stratification.
House, J. S., Kohn, M. L., Schooler, C., Miller, J. M., Miller, K. A. J., & Schoenbach, R. (1986) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2578800 · Cited by 938 · see citing works
Self-citation
Self-Esteem and Adolescent Problems: Modeling Reciprocal Effects
Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., & Schoenbach, C. (1989) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095720 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity.
Crocker, J., Voelkl, K. E., Testa, M., & Major, B. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.218 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Why people self-verify.
Swann, W. B., Stein-Seroussi, A., & Giesler, R. B. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.62.3.392 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
Self concept and school achievement
Purkey, W. W. (1970) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 709 · see citing works
The Self Concept
Zahn, G. C., & Wylie, R. C. (1962) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3708588 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Beyond the Looking-Glass Self: Social Structure and Efficacy-Based Self-Esteem
Gecas, V., & Schwalbe, M. L. (1983) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3033844 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Social Class and Self-Esteem Among Children and Adults
Rosenberg, M., & Pearlin, L. I. (1978) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/226740 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Self-citation
Self- and interpersonal evaluations: Esteem theories versus consistency theories.
Jones, S. C. (1973) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0033957 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Global self-esteem: Its relation to specific facets of self-concept and their importance.
Marsh, H. W. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1224 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Class, Occupation, and Orientation
Kohn, M. L., & Schooler, C. (1969) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092303 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Self-citation
Self-Attitudes and Deviant Behavior
Kaplan, H. B. (1982) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x82014002004 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Determining Children's Home Environments: The Impact of Maternal Characteristics and Current Occupational and Family Conditions
Menaghan, E. G., & Parcel, T. L. (1991) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/352909 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
SELF-DEROGATION AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ADJUSTMENT
Kaplan, H. B., & Pokorny, A. D. (1969) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-196911000-00006 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Accentuate the Positive-and the Negative: Rethinking the Use of Self-Esteem, Self-Deprecation, and Self-Confidence
Owens, T. J. (1993) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786665 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Increasing Educational Achievement Via Self Concept Change
Scheirer, M. A., & Kraut, R. E. (1979) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543049001131 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-Evaluation: Concepts and Studies.
Meltzer, B. N., & Diggory, J. C. (1968) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092286 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Uncle Tom and Mr. Charlie: Metaphysical Pathos in the Study of Racism and Personal Disorganization
McCarthy, J. D., & Yancey, W. L. (1971) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/224976 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
In-Group Versus Out-Group Comparisons and Self-Esteem
Major, B., Sciacchitano, A. M., & Crocker, J. (1993) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167293196006 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Social Class and Self-Esteem: Psychological Centrality, Compensation, and the Relative Effects of Work and Home
Gecas, V., & Seff, M. A. (1990) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786677 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Reduction of cognitive dissonance through task enhancement and effort expenditure.
Weick, K. E. (1964) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047151 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Performance Expectations and Behavior in Small Groups
Berger, J., & Conner, T. L. (1969) · Acta Sociologica · doi:10.1177/000169936901200403 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The Self-concept
Burns, R. B. (1980) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-9329-3_11 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-esteem and reactions to being observed by others.
Shrauger, J. S. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033046 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Influence of individual and group identity salience in the global self-esteem of youth.
Hoge, D. R., & McCarthy, J. D. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.47.2.403 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Specific and Global Evaluations of Self: A Comparison of Several Models
Hoelter, J. W. (1986) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786724 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Relation of Status to Self Esteem: Chain Saw Sociology at the Cutting Edge
Faunce, W. A. (1982) · Sociological Focus · doi:10.1080/00380237.1982.10570414 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Motivation and Personality
(1997) · Naming the Mind: How Psychology Found its Language · doi:10.4135/9781446221815.n7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Mechanisms Linking Social Ties and Support to Physical and Mental Health
Thoits, P. A. (2011) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146510395592 · Cited by 4,076 · see citing works
Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431 · Cited by 3,893 · see citing works
The Relation Between Self-Beliefs and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Review
Valentine, J. C., DuBois, D. L., & Cooper, H. (2004) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3902_3 · Cited by 1,315 · see citing works
Contingencies of Self-Worth in College Students: Theory and Measurement.
Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894 · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
Low self-esteem and its association with anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in Vietnamese secondary school students: a cross-sectional study
Nguyen, D. T., Wright, E. P., Dedding, C., Pham, T. T., & Bunders, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00698 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Investigating When and Why Psychological Entitlement Predicts Unethical Pro-organizational Behavior
Lee, A., Schwarz, G., Newman, A., & Legood, A. (2019) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3456-z · Cited by 300 · see citing works
A meta-analytic examination of work and general locus of control.
Wang, Q., Bowling, N. A., & Eschleman, K. J. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017707 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-esteem in schizophrenia: Relationships between self-evaluation, family attitudes, and symptomatology.
Barrowclough, C., Tarrier, N., Humphreys, L., Ward, J., Gregg, L., & Andrews, B. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.1.92 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
The effects of pay level on organization‐based self‐esteem and performance: A field study
Gardner, D. G., Van Dyne, L., & Pierce, J. L. (2004) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/0963179041752646 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Development of Motivational Variables and Self-Esteem During the School Career: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies
Scherrer, V., & Preckel, F. (2019) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654318819127 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Does adult attachment style mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health outcomes
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Kozakowski, S. S., & Chauhan, P. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.002 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Hopes Dashed and Dreams Fulfilled: Contingencies of Self-Worth and Graduate School Admissions
Crocker, J., Sommers, S. R., & Luhtanen, R. K. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672022812012 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
A Whole Community Approach toward Child and Youth Resilience Promotion: A Review of Resilience Literature
Khanlou, N., & Wray, R. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-013-9470-1 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Perceived Quality of the Mother–Adolescent and Father–Adolescent Attachment Relationship and Adolescents’ Self-Esteem
Keizer, R., Helmerhorst, K. O. W., & van Rijn-van Gelderen, L. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01007-0 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Me, my selfie, and I: The relations between selfie behaviors, body image, self-objectification, and self-esteem in young women.
Veldhuis, J., Alleva, J. M., Bij de Vaate, A. J. D. (., Keijer, M., & Konijn, E. A. (2020) · Psychology of Popular Media · doi:10.1037/ppm0000206 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among Nepalese adolescents: the mediating role of self-esteem
Poudel, A., Gurung, B., & Khanal, G. P. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00409-1 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Social networking site use and self-esteem: a meta-analytic review
Saiphoo, A. N., Dahoah Halevi, L., & Vahedi, Z. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109639 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Adolescent Perceptions of Parental Behaviors, Adolescent Self-Esteem, and Adolescent Depressed Mood
Plunkett, S. W., Henry, C. S., Robinson, L. C., Behnke, A., & Falcon, P. C. (2007) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9123-0 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Social Media Social Comparison of Ability (but not Opinion) Predicts Lower Identity Clarity: Identity Processing Style as a Mediator
Yang, C.-C., Holden, S. M., & Carter, M. D. K. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0801-6 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Social media use and well-being: A prospective experience-sampling study
Faelens, L., Hoorelbeke, K., Soenens, B., Van Gaeveren, K., De Marez, L., De Raedt, R., & Koster, E. H. W. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106510 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Personality, cognitive/psychological traits and psychiatric resilience: a multivariate twin study
Amstadter, A. B., Moscati, A., Maes, H. H., Myers, J. M., & Kendler, K. S. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.041 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Pursuit of Self-Esteem and Its Motivational Implications
van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Wouters, S., Verschueren, K., Briers, V., Deeren, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2016) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.277 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Researching state shame with the experiential shame scale.
Turner, J. E. (2014) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2013.818927 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Increases in global and domain specific self-esteem following a 10 day developmental voyage
Grocott, A. C., & Hunter, J. A. (2009) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-008-9088-5 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Stress and self-esteem in adolescence predict physical activity and sedentary behavior in adulthood
Carter, J. S. (2018) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2018.02.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A Comparison Between Self-compassion and Unconditional Self-acceptance: Interventions on Self-blame, Empathy, Shame-, Guilt-Proneness, and Performance
Crisan, S., Canache, M., Buksa, D., & Nechita, D. (2023) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-022-00451-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The associations between social comparison on social media and young adults’ mental health
Le Blanc-Brillon, J., Fortin, J.-S., Lafrance, L., & Hétu, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1597241 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Protective Factors Against Psychological Distress Among Inpatients in Substance Use Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Study
Bøhle, K., Otterholt, E., & Bjørkly, S. (2021) · Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/11782218211060848 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Acceptance in Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapies: Different or the Same?
Wild, K. J., Macavei, B., & Podea, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-016-0250-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Empowerment in the treatment of fatigue in breast cancer patients
Era, D. P., Sitorus, R., & Afiyanti, Y. (2021) · Russian Open Medical Journal · doi:10.15275/rusomj.2021.0411
“Specific self-esteem predicts specific behavior, while global self-esteem predicts psychological well-being because specific prices have a stronger effect on behavior than global self-esteem [33].”
Background

The effect of self-esteem on romantic liking
Walster, E. (1965) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(65)90045-4 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
On Knowing When to Engage: How Activation of Self-motives Moderates the Relationship between Self-esteem and Task Performance
Lachowicz‐Tabaczek, K., & Śniecińska, J. (2013) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2013.822542 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-esteem, ingratiation, and evaluation of unknown others.
Baron, P. H. (1974) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036624 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effects of self-esteem, hypothetical explanations, and verbalization of expectancies on future performance.
Campbell, J. D., & Fairey, P. J. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.5.1097 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Gender differences in implicit self-esteem following a romantic partner’s success or failure.
Ratliff, K. A., & Oishi, S. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033769 · Cited by 105 · see citing works

Authors: Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., & Rosenberg, F.
Venue: American Sociological Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1995-02
Volume: 60
Issue: 1
Pages: 141
ISSN: 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/2096350
OpenAlex: W2315437849
Cited by: 1,809
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 63 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 109 · 2023: 156 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 16.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Keywords: global self-esteem, self-esteem measurement, self-concept, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Global Self-Esteem and Specific Self-Esteem: Different Concepts, Different Outcomes

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks