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The Experimental Generation of Interpersonal Closeness: A Procedure and Some Preliminary Findings
Abstract
A practical methodology is presented for creating closeness in an experimental context. Whether or not an individual is in a relationship, particular pairings of individuals in the relationship, and circumstances of relationship development become manipulated variables. Over a 45-min period subject pairs carry out self-disclosure and relationship-building tasks that gradually escalate in intensity. Study 1 found greater postinteraction closeness with these tasks versus comparable small-talk tasks. Studies 2 and 3 found no significant closeness effects, inspite of adequate power, for (a) whether pairs were matched for nondisagreement on important attitudes, (b) whether pairs were led to expect mutual liking, or (c) whether getting close was made an explicit goal. These studies also illustrated applications for addressing theoretical issues, yielding provocative tentative findings relating to attachment style and introversion/extraversion.
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“Social approach motivation is characterized by the desire to connect with others; it encourages behavior directed toward pursuing social connection,(7) including displays of active engagement and responsiveness(9) (e.g., self-disclosure,(10) positive emotional expressions(11)).”
In the citing paper
“controlled laboratory-based relationship-building task previously shown to facilitate interpersonal closeness”
From The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Aron, Melinat, Aron, Vallone, & Bator, 1997
In the citing paper
“The conversation task, an abbreviated version of a previously validated relationship-building task (Aron et al., 1997)”
From The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Aron et al., 1997
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“…high parallel-test reliability and strong convergent validity with related measures of closeness in couple relationships (e.g., Agnew et al., 1998; Aron et al., 1992, 1997); moreover, it has already been applied in previous research on closeness discrepancies (Frost et al., 2017; Frost &…”
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“The RCIT is similar to the method of inducing interpersonal closeness described by Aron et al. (1997), but much shorter.”
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“Aron et al. (1997) developed these unusual, and yet deeply personal questions to facilitate interpersonal attraction.”
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“Social psychologists have studied social interactions using the “fast friends” procedure (see e.g., Aron et al., 1997), which mainly varies the extent to which participants disclose their emotions, especially negative emotions.”
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“[59]).”
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“Next the assistant steered their conversation based on a list of pre-determined small-talk topics that were taken from a previous study [29], which found that disclosing personal information promotes closer relations with others.”
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“In intimate relationships, higher rates of disclosure have been associated with benefits for both partners in the relationship, including greater intimacy and better relationship quality between the couple (Altman & Taylor, 1973; Aron et al., 1997; Valkenburg & Peter, 2007).”
BackgroundThe Different Value of Facebook for Taiwanese Older Adults
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“Close social relationships indicate social acceptance and fulfill the need to belong (Aron, Melinat, Aron, Vallone, & Bator, 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDeception is associated with reduced social connection
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“…how the effect of inter-personal synchronization on social cohesion is mediated by a self-other-overlap mechanism 31 , we conceptualized interpersonal closeness as self-other overlap, and measured it via an adapted version of the single-item “Inclu-sion of Other in the Self” (IOS) scale 23,32,33 .”
BackgroundMethodThrowing You Under the Bus: High Power People Knowingly Harm Others When Offered Small Incentives
Swanner, J. K., & Beike, D. R. (2015) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2015.1081851 · Cited by 6
Análisis semiótico en secuencias de interacción empáticas y no empáticas: un estudio microgenético
Fossa, P., Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, C., Cornejo, C., & Carré, D. (2016) · Psicologia USP · doi:10.1590/0103-656420150016 · Cited by 6
“A pesar de las diferentes instrucciones, ambos participantes respondieron espontáneamente a las mismas preguntas en la situación de interacción, que provienen del cuestionario Fast Friends (Aron et al., 1997).”
BackgroundSprecher, S. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01466-4 · Cited by 6
“They engaged in a structured self-disclosure task, which consisted of a combination of items from Aron et al. ’ s (1997) Closeness-Generating Inventory and Sedikides, Campbell, Reeder, and Elliot ’ s (1999) Relationship Closeness Induction Task.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Social Stigma of Identity- and Status-Based Rejection Sensitivity
London, B. E., & Rosenthal, L. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398700.013.0018 · Cited by 6
Empatía y convergencia del tono fundamental
Quezada, C., Robledo, J. P., ROMÁN, D., & Cornejo, C. (2012) · RLA. Revista de lingüística teórica y aplicada · doi:10.4067/s0718-48832012000200007 · Cited by 6
Learning Disabilities in Mathematics
McKerracher, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108235532.004 · Cited by 6
Interacting as Equals: How Contact Can Promote Tolerance Among Opposing PartisansPreprint
Greene, K. F., Rossiter, E., Seira, E., & Simpser, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4456223 · Cited by 6
Assessment Tools for Developing and Leading Effective TeamsPreprint
Carlock, R. S. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2055676 · Cited by 6
Cameron, L., & Abbott, N. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781118773123.ch22 · Cited by 6
Models as Prediction Machines: How to Convert Confusing Coefficients Into Clear Quantities
Rohrer, J. M., & Arel‐Bundock, V. (2026) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459261424825 · Cited by 6
“For example, one staple of psychological research is the fast-friends procedure (Aron et al., 1997; Page-Gould et al., 2008), in which two participants are paired up and take turns answering questions that escalate in the degree of self-disclosure involved, from mild (“Would you like to be famous?”
Closeness-inducing discussions with a romantic partner increase cortisol and testosterone
Chin, K. A., Reese, Z. A., Ascigil, E., Sim, L., & Edelstein, R. S. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105357 · Cited by 5
Research Group, L. C. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1200452 · Cited by 6
Quintard, V., Jouffre, S., Paladino, M. P., & Bouquet, C. A. (2019) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.102849 · Cited by 5
Sprecher, S., & Hatfield, E. C. (2022) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12422 · Cited by 5
Denes, A., McGloin, R., Hamlin, E., Speer, A. C., Coletti, A., & Guest, C. (2023) · Technology Pedagogy and Education · doi:10.1080/1475939x.2023.2224347 · Cited by 5
Yücel, E., Ekici, H., & Çelik, A. B. (2023) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101865 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Aron, A., Melinat, E., Aron, E. N., Vallone, R. D., & Bator, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- California Graduate School of Family Psychology
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Arizona State University
- Corresponding author
- Aron, Arthur
- ORCID
- Aron, Arthur
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1997-04
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 363-377
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2167393292
- Cited by
- 902
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 4.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- relationship closeness, self-disclosure, relationship building, small talk, interpersonal attraction, attachment styles, extraversion-introversion
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