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The Experimental Generation of Interpersonal Closeness: A Procedure and Some Preliminary Findings
Abstract
A practical methodology is presented for creating closeness in an experimental context. Whether or not an individual is in a relationship, particular pairings of individuals in the relationship, and circumstances of relationship development become manipulated variables. Over a 45-min period subject pairs carry out self-disclosure and relationship-building tasks that gradually escalate in intensity. Study 1 found greater postinteraction closeness with these tasks versus comparable small-talk tasks. Studies 2 and 3 found no significant closeness effects, inspite of adequate power, for (a) whether pairs were matched for nondisagreement on important attitudes, (b) whether pairs were led to expect mutual liking, or (c) whether getting close was made an explicit goal. These studies also illustrated applications for addressing theoretical issues, yielding provocative tentative findings relating to attachment style and introversion/extraversion.
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“Social approach motivation is characterized by the desire to connect with others; it encourages behavior directed toward pursuing social connection,(7) including displays of active engagement and responsiveness(9) (e.g., self-disclosure,(10) positive emotional expressions(11)).”
In the citing paper
“controlled laboratory-based relationship-building task previously shown to facilitate interpersonal closeness”
From The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Aron, Melinat, Aron, Vallone, & Bator, 1997
In the citing paper
“The conversation task, an abbreviated version of a previously validated relationship-building task (Aron et al., 1997)”
From The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Aron et al., 1997
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“This could be the result of the interaction setting: the “closenessgeneration” task (Aron et al., 1997) was structured such that it did not allow for an explicit display of extraversion.”
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“The FFP is a protocol that was designed by Aron et al. to quickly establish closeness between strangers (Aron et al., 1997).”
InfluentialWest, T. V., Magee, J. C., Gordon, S. H., & Gullett, L. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036556 · Cited by 57
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“Self-disclosure prompts were adopted from previous research [34,39] though we omitted prompts that might be considered inappropriate in mentoring conversations (e.”
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“The inspiration for the plot was the psychology experiment designed by Arthur Aron entitled “The Experimental Generation of Interpersonal Closeness” [38] (or “How to Fall in Love in Thirty Six Questions”).”
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“, selfdisclosure,(10) positive emotional expressions(11)).”
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“The interaction was divided into segments to mirror the procedure used in the Aron et al. (1997) Fast Friends procedure.”
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“Dividing the interaction into three segments (of questions that increased in intimacy) was modeled after both Aron et al. (1997) and Sedikides, Campbell, Reeder, and Elliot (1999).”
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“For example, avoidant individuals assigned to couples’ yoga and an engaging self-disclosure task (Aron’s ‘fast friends’ paradigm; [39]) became more secure one month later, relative to control-condition participants [40 ].”
BackgroundHyperscanning shows friends explore and strangers converge in conversation
Speer, S. P. H., Mwilambwe-Tshilobo, L., Tsoi, L., Burns, S. M., Falk, E. B., & Tamir, D. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51990-7 · Cited by 53
“Please explicitly state why the authors believe it is necessary to record not only behavioral indices but also brain activity information from the hidden layer and investigate distances/alignment between dyads.”
BackgroundHaworth, K., Kanter, J. W., Tsai, M., Kuczynski, A. M., Rae, J. R., & Kohlenberg, R. (2015) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.08.003 · Cited by 38
“Thus, we consider the current work as extending the findings of Aron et al. (1997) from naturalistic encounters to those that more closely mirror the relationship dynamics found in the therapeutic setting.”
BackgroundResultKende, A., Tropp, L. R., & Lantos, N. A. (2016) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12422 · Cited by 40
Perceived Emotional Intelligence in Virtual Agents
Yang, Y., Ma, X., & Fung, P. (2017) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3027063.3053163 · Cited by 39
“The dialog has five subtopics modeled after Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) [13] in a manner of increased intimacy [1].”
Method“I’d only let you down”: Guilt proneness and the avoidance of harmful interdependence.
Wiltermuth, S. S., & Cohen, T. R. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037523 · Cited by 40
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Allocentrism and Friendship Satisfaction: The Mediating Roles of Disclosure and Closeness.
Morry, M. M. (2005) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0087258 · Cited by 38
Creativity through Connectedness: The Role of Closeness and Perspective Taking in Group Creativity
Oztop, P., Katsikopoulos, K. V., & Gummerum, M. (2018) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2018.1488347 · Cited by 37
“Previous studies suggested that a temporary sense of closeness can be induced in strangers through the gradual escalation of self-disclosure (Aron et al., 1997; Collins & Miller, 1994; Fraley & Aron, 2004).”
InfluentialWell-Being: An Important Concept for Psychotherapy and Psychiatric Neuroscience
Hasler, G. (2016) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000447268 · Cited by 36
Memory-Based Personalization for Fostering a Long-Term Child-Robot Relationship
Ligthart, M. E. U., Neerincx, M. A., & Hindriks, K. V. (2022) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri53351.2022.9889446 · Cited by 36
“To get a closer relationship people self-disclose increasingly intimate information to each other [46], [47].”
BackgroundVisually attending to a video together facilitates great ape social closeness
Wolf, W., & Tomasello, M. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0488 · Cited by 43
Team perceived virtuality: an emergent state perspective
Handke, L., Costa, P., Klonek, F. E., O’Neill, T., & Parker, S. K. (2020) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2020.1806921 · Cited by 43
“because concepts such as closeness and proximity are commonly related to warmth, intimacy, or liking, and are thus reflective of the affective nature of a relationship (Aron et al., 1997; Sedikides et al., 1999; Seibt et al., 2017).”
BackgroundAdaptive Disengagement Buffers Self-Esteem From Negative Social Feedback
Leitner, J. B., Hehman, E., Deegan, M. P., & Jones, J. M. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214549319 · Cited by 36
Attachment predicts cortisol response and closeness in dyadic social interaction
Ketay, S., & Beck, L. A. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.03.009 · Cited by 35
Experimental effects of social behavior on well-being
Regan, A., Radošić, N., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2022) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.08.006 · Cited by 46
“Another study found that unacquainted dyads who engaged in a disclosure task (the Fast Friends procedure; [67]) reported more closeness and liking after a conversation than those who engaged in small talk [68].”
BackgroundEffects of self‐disclosure and responsiveness between couples on passionate love within couples
Welker, K., Baker, L., Padilla, A., Holmes, H. J., Aron, A., & Slatcher, R. (2014) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12058 · Cited by 30
Self-citationPromoting tolerance and moral engagement through peer modeling.
McAlister, A. L., Ama, E., Barroso, C. S., Peters, R. J., & Kelder, S. H. (2000) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.6.4.363 · Cited by 35
How Love Emerges in Arranged Marriages: Two Cross-cultural Studies
Epstein, R., Pandit, M. L., & Thakar, M. (2013) · Journal of Comparative Family Studies · doi:10.3138/jcfs.44.3.341 · Cited by 40
Jones, D. R., Morrison, K. E., DeBrabander, K. M., Ackerman, R. A., Pinkham, A. E., & Sasson, N. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.739147 · Cited by 36
“Previous research has shown strong psychometric properties for this combined scale (Aron et al., 1997; Morrison et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodMy friend is embarrassing me: Exploring the guilty by association effect.
Fortune, J. L., & Newby‐Clark, I. R. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012627 · Cited by 33
“The other pairs completed a similar task that does not induce such feelings ( Aron et al., 1997 ).”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Aron, A., Melinat, E., Aron, E. N., Vallone, R. D., & Bator, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- California Graduate School of Family Psychology
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Arizona State University
- Corresponding author
- Aron, Arthur
- ORCID
- Aron, Arthur
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1997-04
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 363-377
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2167393292
- Cited by
- 902
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 4.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- relationship closeness, self-disclosure, relationship building, small talk, interpersonal attraction, attachment styles, extraversion-introversion
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