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The Experimental Generation of Interpersonal Closeness: A Procedure and Some Preliminary Findings
Abstract
A practical methodology is presented for creating closeness in an experimental context. Whether or not an individual is in a relationship, particular pairings of individuals in the relationship, and circumstances of relationship development become manipulated variables. Over a 45-min period subject pairs carry out self-disclosure and relationship-building tasks that gradually escalate in intensity. Study 1 found greater postinteraction closeness with these tasks versus comparable small-talk tasks. Studies 2 and 3 found no significant closeness effects, inspite of adequate power, for (a) whether pairs were matched for nondisagreement on important attitudes, (b) whether pairs were led to expect mutual liking, or (c) whether getting close was made an explicit goal. These studies also illustrated applications for addressing theoretical issues, yielding provocative tentative findings relating to attachment style and introversion/extraversion.
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“Social approach motivation is characterized by the desire to connect with others; it encourages behavior directed toward pursuing social connection,(7) including displays of active engagement and responsiveness(9) (e.g., self-disclosure,(10) positive emotional expressions(11)).”
In the citing paper
“controlled laboratory-based relationship-building task previously shown to facilitate interpersonal closeness”
From The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Aron, Melinat, Aron, Vallone, & Bator, 1997
In the citing paper
“The conversation task, an abbreviated version of a previously validated relationship-building task (Aron et al., 1997)”
From The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Aron et al., 1997
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The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice.
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“The closeness-building task itself was a procedure developed by Aron et al. (1997) that has been shown to create high levels of interpersonal closeness in stranger dyads over a fairly short period of time.”
BackgroundSelf-citationInclusion with Nature: The Psychology Of Human-Nature Relations
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“…social skills, and cognitions (e.g., Durlak et al., 2011; Frydenberg et al., 2004; Walton & Cohen, 2011); (b) their social relationships (e.g., Aron et al., 1997; Kanter et al., 2018); or (c) the environment that individuals inhabit, such as the physical attributes of the workplace, sense of…”
BackgroundIntimate Exchanges: Using Computers to Elicit Self-Disclosure from Consumers
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“Typically, this gradual escalation occurs over the course of days or weeks, although it can also occur in less than one hour’s time, provided that the sequence of disclosure is not violated (Aron et al. 1997).”
BackgroundCross-Group Friendships and Intergroup Attitudes
Davies, K., Tropp, L. R., Aron, A. P., Pettigrew, T. F., & Wright, S. C. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868311411103 · Cited by 904
“In support of this notion, Wright, Aron, and their colleagues successfully used an experimental procedure for generating closeness via structured self-disclosure (Aron et al., 1997), which can be applied to improving intergroup attitudes through interactions between cross-group dyads (Davies, Aron, Wright, Brody, & Mc…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPrzybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2013) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407512453827 · Cited by 751
“To investigate this, we conducted two experiments in which pairs of strangers engaged in a brief relationship formation task, adapted from previous research (Aron et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPage‐Gould, E., Mendoza‐Denton, R., & Tropp, L. R. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1080 · Cited by 582
“Our paradigm was modeled on the original Fast Friends procedure (Aron et al., 1997) and the multisession Fast Friends procedures used to study cross-group friendship described by Wright et al.”
MethodInfluentialDeters, F. G., & Mehl, M. R. (2013) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550612469233 · Cited by 523
Knowing your place: Self-perceptions of status in face-to-face groups.
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“Specifically, group members engaged in an informal exercise where they asked each other a series of questions such as “What was your most embarrassing moment?” (adapted from Aron, Melinat, Aron, Vallone, & Bator, 1997 ).”
BackgroundПаолини, С., Harwood, J., & Rubin, M. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210388667 · Cited by 474
Beer, J. S., John, O. P., Scabini, D., & Knight, R. T. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.6.871 · Cited by 455
“Participants were presented with 34 questions (9 of which were used in the self-disclosure task; see below, Aron et al., 1997) and asked to rate each one for how much intimate, personal information they would reveal if they were posed the question by a stranger (a = .82).”
BackgroundMethodAutonomy and Need Satisfaction in Close Relationships: Relationships Motivation Theory
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Beer, J. S., Heerey, E. A., Keltner, D. J., Scabini, D., & Knight, R. T. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.594 · Cited by 419
“After participating in a self-disclosure task with a stranger ( Aron, Melinat, Aron, Vallone, & Bator, 1997 ), orbitofrontal patients tended to overestimate the appropriateness of the intimacy of their self-disclosure.”
MethodAron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., Mashek, D., Lewandowski, G., Wright, S. C., & Aron, E. N. (2004) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280440000008 · Cited by 391
Self-citation"I Hear You, I Feel You": Encouraging Deep Self-disclosure through a Chatbot
Lee, Y.-C., Yamashita, N., Huang, Y., & Fu, W. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376175 · Cited by 339
“For conversational topics, two topics were randomly picked from [2] for each day.”
BackgroundBrands as relationship partners: Warmth, competence, and in‐between
Fournier, S., & Alvarez, C. (2012) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2011.10.003 · Cited by 385
“Attachment models apply to both perceptions of strangers and perceptions of known others (Aron et al., 1997).”
Kawakami, K., Phills, C. E., Steele, J. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.957 · Cited by 300
Positive affect, negative affect, and social interaction.
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The self-serving bias in relational context.
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Solitude as an Approach to Affective Self-Regulation
Nguyen, T.-V. T., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217733073 · Cited by 335
Taking turns: Reciprocal self-disclosure promotes liking in initial interactions
Sprecher, S., Treger, S., Wondra, J. D., Hilaire, N., & Wallpe, K. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.017 · Cited by 223
Familiarity does indeed promote attraction in live interaction.
Reis, H. T., Maniaci, M. R., Caprariello, P. A., Eastwick, P. W., & Finkel, E. J. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022885 · Cited by 313
“each either 2 or 6 topics chosen to facilitate the type of conversation that promotes acquaintanceship (Aron et al., 1997; Sedikides et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialImproving intergroup relations with extended and vicarious forms of indirect contact
Vezzali, L., Hewstone, M., Capozza, D., Giovannini, D., & Wölfer, R. (2014) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2014.982948 · Cited by 303
Friends Without Benefits: Understanding the Dark Sides of Workplace Friendship
Pillemer, J., & Rothbard, N. P. (2018) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2016.0309 · Cited by 319
Self‐expansion Model of Motivation and Cognition in Close Relationships and Beyond
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TO DISCLOSE OR NOT TO DISCLOSE? STATUS DISTANCE AND SELF-DISCLOSURE IN DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTS.
Phillips, K. W., Rothbard, N. P., & Dumas, T. L. (2009) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2009.44886051 · Cited by 250
Strangers in sync: achieving embodied rapport through shared movements.
Vacharkulksemsuk, T., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.015 · Cited by 231
Morrison, K. E., DeBrabander, K. M., Jones, D. R., Faso, D. J., Ackerman, R. A., & Sasson, N. J. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319892701 · Cited by 233
“In addition, the Inclusion of Other in the Self (IOS Scale; Aron et al., 1997) and the Subjective Closeness Index (SCI; Berscheid et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialReducing prejudice via direct and extended cross-group friendship
Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., Паолини, С., & Christ, O. (2007) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280701680297 · Cited by 216
“The chosen participants, one from each group, then completed a closeness-building task (Aron, Melinat, Aron, Vallone, & Bator, 1997 ) that has been shown to create high levels of interpersonal closeness in stranger dyads in a short period of time.”
MethodSrivastava, S., & Beer, J. S. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.966 · Cited by 218
MacInnis, C. C., & Page‐Gould, E. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614568482 · Cited by 245
Speed‐dating as an invaluable tool for studying romantic attraction: A methodological primer
Finkel, E. J., Eastwick, P. W., & MATTHEWS, J. (2007) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00146.x · Cited by 214
“As examples, investigators could (a) compare 1-min dates to 5-min dates, (b) offer different instructional sets across the events or to certain individuals within an event (e.g., encouraging some participants to disclose personal information and others not to do so; see Aron, Melinat, Aron, Vallone, & Bator, 1997; Sed…”
MethodCo-Creation Experiences: Attention and Memorability
Campos, A. C., Mendes, J. D. C., do Valle, P. O., & Scott, N. (2016) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2015.1118424 · Cited by 227
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Lab And/Or Field? Measuring Personality Processes and Their Social Consequences
Wrzus, C., & Mehl, M. R. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1986 · Cited by 200
“…et al., 2011; Berrios et al., 2015; Finkel & Eastwick, 2008; Finkel et al., 2007), self-introductions to peers (Back et al., 2011c), dyadic (Aron et al., 1997; Funder & Sneed, 1993; Ickes, 1983; 1993) or triadic (Letzring et al., 2006) interaction tasks, group discussions (Hall & Watson,…”
Levin, S., & van Laar, C. (2006) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410617057 · Cited by 207
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“Furthermore, replicating previous research on generating closeness within brief social interactions (e.g., Aron et al., 1992, 1997; Fraley & Aron, 2004), at least some closeness was reported by the participants after the structured self-disclosure activity.”
InfluentialThe Positives of Negative Emotions: Willingness to Express Negative Emotions Promotes Relationships
Graham, S. M., Huang, J. Y., Clark, M. S., & Helgeson, V. S. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207311281 · Cited by 259
It doesn’t hurt to ask: Question-asking increases liking.
Huang, K., Yeomans, M., Brooks, A. W., Minson, J. A., & Francesca Gino, B. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000097 · Cited by 194
“Previous work has found that social closeness increases as people reciprocally answer questions that grow increasingly more intimate (Aron et al., 1997; Sedikides et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialLee, Y., Yamashita, N., & Huang, Y. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3392836 · Cited by 195
“The conversation topics for small-talk were adopted from [5].”
MethodKashdan, T. B., Goodman, F. R., Machell, K. A., Kleiman, E. M., Monfort, S. S., Ciarrochi, J., & Nezlek, J. B. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0035935 · Cited by 187
The effect of a shared humorous experience on closeness in initial encounters
Fraley, B., & Aron, A. P. (2004) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00071.x · Cited by 197
Self-citationKashdan, T. B., & Roberts, J. E. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000016934.20981.68 · Cited by 182
“These questions gradually increased in the emotional content and level of self-disclosure necessary to answer them (see Aron, Melinat, Aron, Vallone, & Bator, 1997 for more details).”
BackgroundAttitude alignment in close relationships.
Davis, J. L., & Rusbult, C. E. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.65 · Cited by 186
Salient Intergroup Ideology and Intergroup Interaction
Vorauer, J. D., Gagnon, A., & Sasaki, S. J. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02369.x · Cited by 178
“The discussion topics for the interaction included the same items from Aron et al. (1997) as in Study 1 and questions about social issues (e.”
BackgroundAcevedo, B. P., Aron, E. N., Pospos, S., & Jessen, D. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0161 · Cited by 181
Self-citationMendoza‐Denton, R., & Page‐Gould, E. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02179.x · Cited by 169
“We adapted the onesession ‘‘fast friends’’ procedure (Aron et al., 1997) for a threesession format.”
MethodMerged minds: Generalized shared reality in dyadic relationships.
Rossignac‐Milon, M., Bolger, N. P., Zee, K. S., Boothby, E. J., & Higgins, E. T. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000266 · Cited by 174
“These effects held over and above the effects of perceived similarity, perceived partner responsiveness, and IOS, which are commonly used to examine the development of initial closeness (Aron et al., 1997; Birnbaum & Reis, 2012; Montoya & Horton, 2013).”
MethodSmartphones and close relationships: the case for an evolutionary mismatch
Sbarra, D. A., Briskin, J. L., & Slatcher, R. B. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619826535 · Cited by 162
Vorauer, J. D., & Sasaki, S. J. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02265.x · Cited by 160
Srivastava, S., Guglielmo, S., & Beer, J. S. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017057 · Cited by 159
Paying to belong: When does rejection trigger ingratiation?
Romero‐Canyas, R., Downey, G., Reddy, K. S., Rodríguez, S., Cavanaugh, T. J., & Pelayo, R. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020013 · Cited by 167
Social closeness increases salivary progesterone in humans
Brown, S. L., Fredrickson, B. L., Wirth, M. M., Poulin, M. J., Meier, E. A., Heaphy, E. D., Cohen, M. D., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2009) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.03.022 · Cited by 157
“Participants were told that the purpose of this task was to “get to know each other a bit.” Early in the first session, each pair was given a packet of 16 questions drawn from the Closeness Generating Procedure developed by Aron et al. (1997) .”
MethodKashdan, T., & Roberts, J. E. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.009 · Cited by 164
“In the small-talk condition, the questions were somewhat superficial and never progressed in the amount of personal information necessary to answer them (see Aron et al., 1997 for details).”
BackgroundSelf-expansion motivation and inclusion of others in self: An updated review
Aron, A. P., Lewandowski, G., Branand, B., Mashek, D. J., & Aron, E. N. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221110630 · Cited by 172
“, 2013) demonstrated several predictors of IOS: mutual, escalating self-disclosure was found to be a driver of including others in self among both individual strangers (Aron et al., 1997) and between two couples who had previously never met (Schwartz & Slater, 1991); sharing exciting activities in marriage (Tsapelas e…”
BackgroundSelf-citationKlohnen, E. C., Weller, J. A., Luo, S., & Choe, M. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205278307 · Cited by 146
Swaab, R. I., Schaerer, M., Anicich, E. M., Ronay, R., & Galinsky, A. D. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614537280 · Cited by 153
Clark, M. S., & Lemay, E. P. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002025 · Cited by 137
The Psychology of Workplace Mentoring Relationships
Eby, L. T. D. T., & Robertson, M. M. (2019) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044924 · Cited by 145
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Edlund, J. E., & Sagarin, B. J. (2016) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.004 · Cited by 133
Person-Level Relatedness and the Incremental Value of Relating
Moller, A. C., Deci, E. L., & Elliot, A. J. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210371622 · Cited by 123
Santoro, E., & Broockman, D. E. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn5515 · Cited by 126
Vorauer, J. D., Martens, V., & Sasaki, S. J. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013411 · Cited by 126
Self-expansion motivation improves cross-group interactions and enhances self-growth
Dys‐Steenbergen, O., Wright, S. C., & Aron, A. P. (2015) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430215583517 · Cited by 125
“Thus, consistent with previous research using the Fast Friends Procedure (e.g., Aron et al., 1997) it appears that this activity did create interactions that were generally experienced as positive and engendered moderately strong feelings of closeness, self-growth, and self-efficacy.”
ResultSelf-citationCarr, P. B., Dweck, C. S., & Pauker, K. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028849 · Cited by 123
Changes in Adult Attachment Styles in American College Students Over Time
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Shared Cognition as a Product of, and Precursor to, Shared Identity in Negotiations
Swaab, R. I., Postmes, T., van Beest, I., & Spears, R. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206294788 · Cited by 135
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“To probe anted to foste tions, so we chology stud ss [1].”
BackgroundLawrence, J., Goldman, D., Achar, S., Blascovich, G. M., Desloge, J. G., Fortes, T., Gomez, E. M., Häberling, S., Hoppe, H., Huibers, A. G., et al. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/3478513.3480490 · Cited by 117
“To control for content of conversations, we randomly selected questions that have been validated to foster a sense of social intimacy in strangers [Aron et al. 1997].”
MethodEpistemic companions: shared reality development in close relationships
Rossignac‐Milon, M., & Higgins, E. T. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.01.001 · Cited by 122
Laban, G., Kappas, A., Morrison, V., & Cross, E. S. (2024) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-023-01076-z · Cited by 119
Swaab, R. I., Postmes, T., Neijens, P. C., Kiers, M. H., & Dumay, A. C. M. (2002) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2002.11045708 · Cited by 113
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“Additionally, protocols that have included novel and interdependence enhancing experiences (e.g., threelegged races) have produced self–other integration between strangers brought into the laboratory ( Aron et al., 1997 ).”
BackgroundSprecher, S. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.029 · Cited by 108
Modifying automatic approach action tendencies in individuals with elevated social anxiety symptoms
Taylor, C. T., & Amir, N. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.004 · Cited by 99
“…social approach behavior (d ¼ .48 and .93 for females and males, respectively); observerrated social approach behavior (d ¼ .93 and 1.13 for females and males, respectively); confederate DFI (d ¼ .91 and .82 for females and males, respectively). questions selected from Aron et al. (1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMorrison, K. E., DeBrabander, K. M., Jones, D. R., Ackerman, R. A., & Sasson, N. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591100 · Cited by 108
Online versus face-to-face conversation: An examination of relational and discourse variables.
Mallen, M. J., Day, S. X., & Green, M. A. (2003) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.40.1-2.155 · Cited by 106
Secrets and Misperceptions: The Creation of Self-Fulfilling Illusions
Cowan, S. K. (2014) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v1.a26 · Cited by 102
“…and Hazam 2000), feelings of intimacy (Laurenceau, Barrett, and Pietromonaco 1998), and greater emotional involvement (Rubin et al. 1980) and is used within experimental work to create “fast friends” of strangers within the laboratory (Aron et al. 1997; Page-Gould, Mendoza-Denton and Tropp 2008).”
BackgroundMethodKashdan, T. B., Volkmann, J. R., Breen, W. E., & Han, S. C. (2006) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.08.007 · Cited by 114
“We included this scale to be used in conjunction with the IOS to measure the discrepancy between actual and desired closeness (similar to Aron et al., 1997).”
Coutifaris, C. V., & Grant, A. M. (2021) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2021.1498 · Cited by 120
Lifting the Veil: The Benefits of Cost Transparency
Mohan, B., Buell, R. W., & John, L. K. (2020) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.2019.1200 · Cited by 97
Hiding personal information reveals the worst
John, L. K., Barasz, K., & Norton, M. I. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1516868113 · Cited by 94
“Experimental evidence suggests that partners experimentally induced to mutually selfdisclose like each other more relative to those not induced to divulge (16, 17).”
BackgroundOverly shallow?: Miscalibrated expectations create a barrier to deeper conversation.
Kardas, M., Kumar, A., & Epley, N. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000281 · Cited by 107
“People may expect that conversations are better when they become increasingly intimate over the course of the conversation, and hence start conversations more shallowly than they hope to end them (Aron et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLaughing and liking: Exploring the interpersonal effects of humor use in initial social interactions
Treger, S., Sprecher, S., & Erber, R. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1962 · Cited by 95
“Then, participants engaged in a social interaction task—derived from prior social interaction research (Aron et al., 1997; Sedikides et al., 1999)—in which we randomly assigned one person to disclose (while the other listened and asked questions) for an initial 12-minute interaction; the participants switched disclosu…”
MethodInfluentialAvoidant Attachment: Exploration of an Oxymoron
Edelstein, R. S., & Shaver, P. R. (2004) · doi:10.4324/9781410610010-32 · Cited by 92
von Dawans, B., Strojny, J., & Domes, G. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.026 · Cited by 95
Kashdan, T. B., Adams, L., Savostyanova, A., Ferssizidis, P., McKnight, P. E., & Nezlek, J. B. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.03.004 · Cited by 88
Interpersonal control, dehumanization, and violence: A self-determination theory perspective
Moller, A. C., & Deci, E. L. (2009) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430209350318 · Cited by 88
You can handle the truth: Mispredicting the consequences of honest communication
Levine, E. E., & Cohen, T. R. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000488 · Cited by 84
Kotzur, P. F., Schäfer, S. J., & Wagner, U. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12304 · Cited by 98
Cole, T., & Teboul, J. B. (2004) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00075.x · Cited by 99
Effects of acute stress on social behavior in women
von Dawans, B., Ditzen, B., Trueg, A., Fischbacher, U., & Heinrichs, M. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.031 · Cited by 84
“investigate social interaction in the lab (Aron et al., 1997).”
Benefits of positive relationship experiences for avoidantly attached individuals.
Stanton, S. C. E., Campbell, L., & Pink, J. C. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000098 · Cited by 96
“Similar to prior research where individuals viewed each other more positively after engaging in the intimacy-promoting tasks (A. Aron et al., 1997), romantic partners felt happier about their relationships post-manipulation.”
InfluentialThe Dynamics of Personal and Social Identity Formation
Postmes, T., Baray, G., Haslam, S. A., Morton, T. A., & Swaab, R. I. (2006) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446211946.n12 · Cited by 82
Metadata
- Authors
- Aron, A., Melinat, E., Aron, E. N., Vallone, R. D., & Bator, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- California Graduate School of Family Psychology
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Arizona State University
- Corresponding author
- Aron, Arthur
- ORCID
- Aron, Arthur
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1997-04
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 363-377
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2167393292
- Cited by
- 902
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 4.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- relationship closeness, self-disclosure, relationship building, small talk, interpersonal attraction, attachment styles, extraversion-introversion
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