The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Speaking to many minds: on the relevance of different types of language information for the L2 learner
Abstract
This paper re-analyses the notion of consciousness raising in language learning. The process by which language input becomes salient to the learner is termed 'input enhancement'. This process can come about as a result of deliberate manipulation, or it can be the natural outcome of some internal learning strategy. It can vary quantitatively and qualitatively, not necessarily involv ing conscious analysis of rules. Externally induced salience may not neces sarily be registered by the learner and even when it is registered, it may not affect the learning mechanisms per se. Certain inferences are made about the interpretation of learner performance and ways of measuring it.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Fodor, J. A. (1983) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4737.001.0001 · Cited by 7,734
Consciousness-Raising and the Second Language Learner
SMITH, M. S. (1981) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/2.2.159 · Cited by 380
Self-citation
Cited by
The Role of the Linguistic Environment in Second Language Acquisition
Long, M. H. (1996) · Handbook of Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1016/b978-012589042-7/50015-3 · Cited by 3,927
Pica, T. (1994) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb01115.x · Cited by 1,200
Attention, Memory, and the “Noticing” Hypothesis
Robinson, P. (1995) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1995.tb00441.x · Cited by 745
Spada, N. (1997) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444800012799 · Cited by 632
ONE SIZE FITS ALL?: Recasts, Prompts, and L2 Learning
Ammar, A., & Spada, N. (2006) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263106060268 · Cited by 541
Attention and Memory during SLA
Robinson, P. (2003) · The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1002/9780470756492.ch19 · Cited by 402
Exploring the role of noticing in a three-stage second language writing task
Qi, D. S., & Lapkin, S. (2001) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/s1060-3743(01)00046-7 · Cited by 383
Fotos, S. S. (1994) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3587436 · Cited by 329
Foreign Accent: The Phenomenon of Non-native Speech
Moyer, A. (2013) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511794407 · Cited by 304
The Effect of Error Correction on L2 Grammar Knowledge and Oral Proficiency
DEKEYSER, R. M. (1993) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1993.tb01999.x · Cited by 256
Vocabulary learning through viewing video: the effect of two enhancement techniques
Montero Perez, M., Peters, E., & Desmet, P. (2018) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2017.1375960 · Cited by 230
Robinson, P. (1996) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263100014674 · Cited by 226
Enhancing Vocabulary Learning Through Captioned Video: An Eye‐Tracking Study
MONTERO PEREZ, M., PETERS, E., & DESMET, P. (2015) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.12215 · Cited by 188
Instructional Strategies and SLA in Early French Immersion
Harley, B. (1993) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263100011980 · Cited by 181
Winke, P. M. (2013) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263112000903 · Cited by 121
Simard, D., & Jean, G. (2011) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2011.00656.x · Cited by 60
Reconsidering the Role of Interaction and Input in Second Language Acquisition
Braidi, S. M. (1995) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1995.tb00965.x · Cited by 27
Kim, J. M. (2026) · Reading Psychology · doi:10.1080/02702711.2026.2735234
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, M. S.
- Venue
- Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht)
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1991-06
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 118-132
- ISSN
- 0165-9960 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2095612583
- Cited by
- 406
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 52.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.