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The current state of research on ayahuasca: A systematic review of human studies assessing psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological functioning, and neuroimaging
Abstract
RATIONALE: In recent decades, the use of ayahuasca (AYA) - a β-carboline- and dimethyltryptamine-rich hallucinogenic botanical preparation traditionally used by Northwestern Amazonian tribes for ritual and therapeutic purposes - has spread from South America to Europe and the USA, raising concerns about its possible toxicity and hopes of its therapeutic potential. Thus, it is important to analyze the acute, subacute, and long-term effects of AYA to assess its safety and toxicity. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of human studies assessing AYA effects on psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological functioning, and neuroimaging. METHODS: Papers published until 16 December 2015 were included from PubMed, LILACS and SciELO databases following a comprehensive search strategy and pre-determined set of criteria for article selection. RESULTS: The review included 28 full-text articles. Acute AYA administration was well tolerated, increased introspection and positive mood, altered visual perceptions, activated frontal and paralimbic regions and decreased default mode network activity. It also improved planning and inhibitory control and impaired working memory, and showed antidepressive and antiaddictive potentials. Long-term AYA use was associated with increased cortical thickness of the anterior cingulate cortex and cortical thinning of the posterior cingulate cortex, which was inversely correlated to age of onset, intensity of prior AYA use, and spirituality. Subacute and long-term AYA use was not associated with increased psychopathology or cognitive deficits, being associated with enhanced mood and cognition, increased spirituality, and reduced impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS: Acute, subacute, and long-term AYA use seems to have low toxicity. Preliminary studies about potential therapeutic effects of AYA need replication due to their methodological limitations.
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“Indeed, converging evidence from preclinical and human studies suggest that oral formulations of DMT such as ayahuasca show potential in reducing anxiety, depressive symptoms, addictive behaviors, and posttraumatic distress (1–3, 30–35).”
From Potential therapeutic effects of an ayahuasca-inspired N,N-DMT and harmine formulation: a controlled trial in healthy subjects (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
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Metadata
- Authors
- dos Santos, R. G., Balthazar, F. M., Bouso, J. C., & Hallak, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Federal Institute of São Paulo (BR)
- International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research, and Service (ES)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopharmacology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-07-10
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1230-1247
- ISSN
- 0269-8811 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7285
- OpenAlex
- W2413873059
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Synthesis and bioactivity of alkaloids
- Keywords
- ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, β-carbolines, hallucinogens, psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological performance, neuroimaging, default mode network, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, cortical thickness, impulsivity, spirituality, antidepressant effects, drug safety and toxicity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antidepressive Agents, Mental Disorders, Hallucinogens, Humans, Banisteriopsis, Neuroimaging
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