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The current state of research on ayahuasca: A systematic review of human studies assessing psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological functioning, and neuroimaging

dos Santos, Rafael G, Balthazar, Fermanda M, Bouso, José C, Hallak, Jaime EC·2016·Journal of Psychopharmacology

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Abstract

RATIONALE: In recent decades, the use of ayahuasca (AYA) - a β-carboline- and dimethyltryptamine-rich hallucinogenic botanical preparation traditionally used by Northwestern Amazonian tribes for ritual and therapeutic purposes - has spread from South America to Europe and the USA, raising concerns about its possible toxicity and hopes of its therapeutic potential. Thus, it is important to analyze the acute, subacute, and long-term effects of AYA to assess its safety and toxicity. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of human studies assessing AYA effects on psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological functioning, and neuroimaging. METHODS: Papers published until 16 December 2015 were included from PubMed, LILACS and SciELO databases following a comprehensive search strategy and pre-determined set of criteria for article selection. RESULTS: The review included 28 full-text articles. Acute AYA administration was well tolerated, increased introspection and positive mood, altered visual perceptions, activated frontal and paralimbic regions and decreased default mode network activity. It also improved planning and inhibitory control and impaired working memory, and showed antidepressive and antiaddictive potentials. Long-term AYA use was associated with increased cortical thickness of the anterior cingulate cortex and cortical thinning of the posterior cingulate cortex, which was inversely correlated to age of onset, intensity of prior AYA use, and spirituality. Subacute and long-term AYA use was not associated with increased psychopathology or cognitive deficits, being associated with enhanced mood and cognition, increased spirituality, and reduced impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS: Acute, subacute, and long-term AYA use seems to have low toxicity. Preliminary studies about potential therapeutic effects of AYA need replication due to their methodological limitations.

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“…physiological AEs described in this review are well known from the literature on healthy subjects: for example, nausea, and vomiting with ayahuasca (Dos Santos et al., 2016; Durante et al., 2021; Guimarães dos Santos, 2013; Hamill et al., 2019), headache after psilocybin use (Johnson et al.,…”
Background
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See all 125

Authors: dos Santos, R. G., Balthazar, F. M., Bouso, J. C., & Hallak, J. E.
Affiliations: Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Federal Institute of São Paulo (BR)
International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research, and Service (ES)
Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
ORCID: Bouso, José C
Hallak, Jaime EC
Venue: Journal of Psychopharmacology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2016-07-10
Volume: 30
Issue: 12
Pages: 1230-1247
ISSN: 0269-8811 (ISSN-L)
1461-7285
DOI: 10.1177/0269881116652578
OpenAlex: W2413873059
Cited by: 125
References: 122
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10
FWCI: 1.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Alkaloids: synthesis and pharmacology
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Synthesis and bioactivity of alkaloids
Keywords: ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, β-carbolines, hallucinogens, psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological performance, neuroimaging, default mode network, anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, cortical thickness, impulsivity, spirituality, antidepressant effects, drug safety and toxicity
MeSH terms: Animals, Antidepressive Agents, Mental Disorders, Hallucinogens, Humans, Banisteriopsis, Neuroimaging

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The current state of research on ayahuasca: A systematic review of human studies assessing psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological functioning, and neuroimaging

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