Therapeutic use of serotoninergic hallucinogens: A review of the evidence and of the biological and psychological mechanisms
Abstract
Serotoninergic hallucinogens include drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and psilocybin. Recent trials with single/few doses of these compounds show that they induce rapid and sustained antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects. These effects are also observed in religious groups using the DMT-containing brew ayahuasca. The agonist action of these substances on 5-HT 2A receptors expressed in frontal and limbic areas increase glutamatergic transmission and neuroplasticity. These neurochemical effects are associated with acute alterations on self-perception and increases in introspection and positive mood, and with subacute and long-term decreases in psychiatric symptoms, increases in some personality traits such as openness, improvements in emotional processing, and increases in empathy. These are preliminary but promising results that should be further explored in controlled trials with larger sample sizes, especially considering that these compounds could be beneficial in the treatment of treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders.
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To date, reviews have focused on establishing treatment efficacy, understanding neurological mechanisms of change, or have been broad in their aims.
“To date, reviews have focused on establishing treatment efficacy [30], understanding the neurological mechanisms of change [71], or have been broad in their aims (e.g. including a variety of drug classes or disorders [72, 73];).”
From The psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression: a systematic review protocol (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
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Harmine produces antidepressant-like effects via restoration of astrocytic functions
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The serotonin 5-HT 2C receptor and the non-addictive nature of classic hallucinogens
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Psychological variables implied in the therapeutic effect of ayahuasca: A contextual approach
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Self-citationPotential use of ayahuasca in grief therapy
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Self-citationPsychedelic Drugs Reconsidered
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William Burroughs: Sailor of the Soul
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New psychoactive substances: a review and updates
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“Inaddition to peripheral measurement of BDNF, another read-out of the effect of psychedelic compound binding of the 5-HT 2A R in human brain, is glutamate release, which unlike BDNF measurements, can be readily quantified in human brain (Dos Santos and Hallak, 2020; Mason et al., 2020).”
Neural Mechanisms and Psychology of Psychedelic Ego Dissolution
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Psilocybin and LSD have no long-lasting effects in an animal model of alcohol relapse
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Sustained effects of single doses of classical psychedelics in humans
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Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids
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Apical amplification—a cellular mechanism of conscious perception?
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Toxicology and Analysis of Psychoactive Tryptamines
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Self-citationThe adverse events of ibogaine in humans: an updated systematic review of the literature (2015–2020)
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Discovering the Potential Mechanisms of Medicinal Mushrooms Antidepressant Activity: A Review
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Do psychedelics change beliefs?
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Psilocybin Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action in Major Depressive Disorder: a Review
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Within-treatment changes in a novel addiction treatment program using traditional Amazonian medicine
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Serotonergic Psychedelics in Neural Plasticity
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Acute serotonin 2A receptor activation impairs behavioral flexibility in mice
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Phytotherapy of mood disorders in the light of microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Self-citationThe association between naturalistic use of psychedelics and co-occurring substance use disorders
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Hallucinogens/psychedelics resurrected as new tools in psychiatric therapy
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“including a variety of drug classes or disorders [72, 73];).”
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Should Adolescents be Included in Emerging Psychedelic Research?
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Adverse Effects After Ayahuasca Administration in the Clinical Setting
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Self-citationMasking Influences: A Systematic Review of Placebo Control and Masking in Psychedelic Studies
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Hallucinations and Hallucinogens: Psychopathology or Wisdom?
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Psychedelics and fNIRS neuroimaging: exploring new opportunities
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Potential therapeutic use of ayahuasca: A literature review
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- Authors
- dos Santos, R. G., & Hallak, J. E. C.
- Affiliations
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (BR)
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 108
- Pages
- 423-434
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2992322507
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 17
- FWCI
- 2.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- LSD, DMT, psilocybin, ayahuasca, 5-HT2A receptor agonism, antidepressant effects, anxiolytic effects, neuroplasticity, glutamatergic neurotransmission, self-perception, self-reflection, positive mood, personality traits, empathy, emotional processing, treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders, psychedelic therapy
- MeSH terms
- Social Cognition, Exploratory Behavior, Hallucinogens, Humans, Limbic System, Neuronal Plasticity, Prefrontal Cortex, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists
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