Global Patterns of Adolescent Fruit, Vegetable, Carbonated Soft Drink, and Fast-Food Consumption: A Meta-Analysis of Global School-Based Student Health Surveys

Beal, Ty; Morris, Saul S.; Tumilowicz, Alison

doi:10.1177/0379572119848287

Cited by 174Nutrition, Health and Food BehaviorObesity, Physical Activity, DietNutritional Studies and Diet

Global Patterns of Adolescent Fruit, Vegetable, Carbonated Soft Drink, and Fast-Food Consumption: A Meta-Analysis of Global School-Based Student Health Surveys

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Beal, Ty, Morris, Saul S., Tumilowicz, Alison·2019·Food and Nutrition Bulletin

DOI 10.1177/0379572119848287

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Abstract

Background: Adolescence presents an opportunity to influence diet, which impacts present and future health outcomes, yet adolescent diets globally are poorly understood. Objective: We generate evidence on adolescent diets globally and explore patterns and trends by subpopulation. Methods: We estimated mean frequency of consumption and prevalence of less-than-daily fruit and vegetable consumption, at-least-daily carbonated beverage consumption, and at-least-weekly fast-food consumption among school-going adolescents aged primarily 12 to 17 years from the Global School-based Student Health Surveys in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America between 2008 and 2015. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool estimates globally and by subgroup. Results: On average, adolescents consumed fruit 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26–1.60) times per day, vegetables 1.75 (1.58–1.92) times per day, carbonated soft drinks 0.99 (0.77–1.22) times per day, and fast food 1.05 (0.78–1.32) times per week. Overall, 34.5% (95% CI 29.4–39.7) consumed fruit less than once per day, 20.6% (15.8–25.9) consumed vegetables less than once per day, 42.8% (35.2–50.7) drank carbonated soft drinks at least once per day, and 46.1% (38.6–53.7) consumed fast food at least once per week. Mean daily frequency of fruit consumption was particularly low in South and East Asia (1.30 [1.02–1.58]); carbonated soft drink consumption high in Latin America (1.54 [1.31–1.78]), high-income countries (1.66 [1.29–2.03]), and modern food system typologies (1.44 [0.75–2.12]); and mean weekly fast food consumption high in mixed food system typologies (1.29 [0.88–1.71]). Conclusions: School-going adolescents infrequently consume fruits and vegetables and frequently consume carbonated soft drinks, but there is wide variability by subpopulation.

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46% of adolescents eat processed foods at least weekly.
“A meta-analysis examining the Global School-based Student Health Surveys from 2008 to 2015 including Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America revealed that 35% of adolescents do not meet the recommended intake of FV, 43% consume sugary sweetened beverages (SSBs) daily, and 46% eat processed foods at least weekly [12].”
From School-based healthy eating interventions for adolescents aged 10–19 years: an umbrella review (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
43% of adolescents consume sugary sweetened beverages (SSBs) daily.
“A meta-analysis examining the Global School-based Student Health Surveys from 2008 to 2015 including Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America revealed that 35% of adolescents do not meet the recommended intake of FV, 43% consume sugary sweetened beverages (SSBs) daily, and 46% eat processed foods at least weekly [12].”
From School-based healthy eating interventions for adolescents aged 10–19 years: an umbrella review (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
Adolescents in both low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs) frequently have diets that are calorie-dense yet nutrient-deficient, marked by excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), ultra-processed foods, and insufficient intake of FV.
“Adolescents in both low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs) frequently have diets that are calorie-dense yet nutrient-deficient, marked by excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), ultra-processed foods, and insufficient intake of FV [11–13].”
From School-based healthy eating interventions for adolescents aged 10–19 years: an umbrella review (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
35% of adolescents do not meet the recommended intake of fruits and vegetables (FV).
“A meta-analysis examining the Global School-based Student Health Surveys from 2008 to 2015 including Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America revealed that 35% of adolescents do not meet the recommended intake of FV, 43% consume sugary sweetened beverages (SSBs) daily, and 46% eat processed foods at least weekly [12].”
From School-based healthy eating interventions for adolescents aged 10–19 years: an umbrella review (2024) · cites this paper as [12]

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Prevalence and beverage‐related risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease: An original study in Chinese college freshmen, a systemic review and meta‐analysis
Chen, Y., Chen, C., Ouyang, Z., Duan, C., Liu, J., Hou, X., & Bai, T. (2021) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14266 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Data Resource Profile: The Global School-based Student Health Survey—behavioural risk and protective factors among adolescents
Bischops, A., Radev, S. T., Köthe, U., Chen, S., Geldsetzer, P., Sarker, M., Su, T. T., Mohamed, F. A., Darwish, N., Ahmad, N. A., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyac208 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Associations between eating habits and mental health among adolescents in five nordic countries: a cross-sectional survey
Fismen, A., Aarø, L. E., Thorsteinsson, E., Ojala, K., Samdal, O., Helleve, A., & Eriksson, C. C.-G. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20084-w · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Furthermore, they are accompanied by trends of low and even decreased fruit and vegetable intake [8], increased intake of ultra-processed food [9], and, in Denmark and Sweden, also by less regular meal frequency [10].”
Background
Influence of food environment on ultra-processed drinks consumption among an economically vulnerable population in a metropolitan area in Brazil: A multilevel analysis
de Menezes, R. C. E., Oliveira, J. S., Almendra, R., de Lira, P. I. C., Costa, E. C., Leal, V. S., & Santana, P. (2022) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102869 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Clustering of Poor Dietary Habits among Adolescents Aged 12 to 15 Years in 52 Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries
Fan, H., & Zhang, X. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186806 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“As a result, a prominent epidemic of suboptimal dietary factors has been observed in adolescents [10,11].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Physical, emotional and social aspects of vulnerability in adolescence
Ciampo, L. A. D., & Ciampo, I. R. L. D. (2020) · International Journal of Advanced Community Medicine · doi:10.33545/comed.2020.v3.i1c.135 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Psychological distress and unhealthy dietary behaviours among adolescents aged 12–15 years in nine South-East Asian countries: a secondary analysis of the Global School-Based Health Survey data
Shawon, M. S. R., Jahan, E., Rouf, R. R., & Hossain, F. B. (2022) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114522002306 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ultra-Processed Food Consumption is Associated with Alcoholic Beverage Drinking, Tobacco Smoking, and Illicit Drug Use in Adolescents: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Mesas, A. E., Girotto, E., Rodrigues, R., Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V., Jiménez‐López, E., & López‐Gil, J. F. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01038-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods (Beal et al., 2019).”
Adolescent Lifestyle Behaviour Modification and Mental Health: Longitudinal Changes in Diet, Physical Activity, Sleep, Screen Time, Smoking, and Alcohol Use and Associations with Psychological Distress
Smout, S., Champion, K. E., O’Dean, S., Halladay, J. E., Gardner, L. A., & Newton, N. C. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-024-01350-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“This precludes realistic, strengths-based conclusions as findings are centred around guidelines or behavioural thresholds that the vast majority of adolescents do not meet (Beal et al., 2019; Guthold et al., 2020; Khan et al., 2021).”
Youth Healthy Eating Index (YHEI) and Diet Adequacy in Relation to Country-Specific National Dietary Recommendations in Children and Adolescents in Five Mediterranean Countries from the DELICIOUS Project
Giampieri, F., Rosi, A., Scazzina, F., Frías-Toral, E., Abdelkarim, O., Aly, M., Zambrano-Villacres, R., Pons, J., Vázquez‐Araújo, L., Cano, S. S., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16223907 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…level, the Based on recent reports at a global level, the frequency of daily fruit and vegetable consumption is generally low, with an average of about 1.5 portions of fruit and vegetables, and 34.5% and 20.6% reporting having less than a portion fruit and vegetable per day, respectively [53].”
Influential
The 15-year national trends of endocrine cancers incidence among Iranian men and women; 2005–2020
Balajam, N. Z., Mousavian, A.-H., Sheidaei, A., Gohari, K., Tavangar, S. M., Ghanbari, A., Ostovar, A., Shafiee, G., & Heshmat, R. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34155-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dietary Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Diet Quality in a Cross-Sectional Study of Swedish Adolescents
Lindroos, A. K., Hallström, E., Moraeus, L., Strid, A., & Winkvist, A. (2023) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.09.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Consumption of carbonated soft drinks among Ghanaian adolescents: associations with socio-demographic factors, health risk factors and psychological distress
Atorkey, P., Akwei, M., & Asare‐Doku, W. (2021) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/0260106021996933 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Participants who are female, 11–17 years, in SHS 1 and with low socio-economic status may be in greater need of interventions given that they were more likely to consume CSDs.”
ResultInfluential
The 15-year national trends of genital cancer incidence among Iranian men and women; 2005–2020
Shafiee, G., Mousavian, A.-H., Sheidaei, A., Ebrahimi, M., Khatami, F., Gohari, K., Jabbari, M., Ghanbari, A., Ostovar, A., Aghamir, S. M. K., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15417-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This survey follows the WHO, global school-based student health survey (GHSH) instructions and cover adolescences population at school age [20].”
Method
Exploring an Artificial Intelligence–Based, Gamified Phone App Prototype to Track and Improve Food Choices of Adolescent Girls in Vietnam: Acceptability, Usability, and Likeability Study
Braga, B. C., Nguyen, P. H., Aberman, N., Doyle, F., Folson, G. K., Hoang, N. T., Huỳnh, P., Koch, B., McCloskey, P., Tran, L. M., et al. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/35197 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Adolescents in this region have especially low consumption of fruits and vegetables [12].”
Background
Role of Dietary Habits and Personal Hygiene on Nutritional Status of School-Going Adolescents
Khan, M. F., Banerjee, S., Bandyopadhyay, K., Kalaiselvi, S., Akkilgunata, S., Tripathy, J. P., Solanki, R., Kushwaha, A. S., & Deshmukh, P. R. (2022) · Annals of African Medicine · doi:10.4103/aam.aam_109_20 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“[28] The proportion of undernutrition was found more in those who consumed UPF with increased frequency; fast foods are usually associated with increased incidence of overweight and obesity; but the quantity, quality, and type of fast food are very important while searching the cause of…”
Effects of a Smartphone App on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Saudi Adolescents: Randomized Controlled Trial
Shatwan, I. M., Alhefani, R. S., Bukhari, M. F., Hanbazazah, D. A., Srour, J. K., Surendran, S., Aljefree, N. M., & Almoraie, N. M. (2023) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/43160 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“As a result, anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are common among adolescents, which have a significant effect on their quality of life [4].”
Background
Fruit and vegetables consumption among school-going adolescents: Findings from the baseline survey of an intervention program in a semi-urban area of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Salwa, M., Subaita, F., Choudhury, S. R., Khalequzzaman, M., Mamun, M. A. A., Bhuiyan, M. R., & Haque, M. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252297 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“studies conducted around the world [6].”
Method
Adolescence as a key developmental window for nutrition promotion and cardiometabolic disease prevention
Carducci, B., Chen, Z. H., Campisi, S. C., & Miliku, K. (2025) · npj Metabolic Health and Disease · doi:10.1038/s44324-025-00082-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Themajority of adolescents experience habitual dietary patterns that may include mild nutrientde ﬁ cienciesorexcesses,suchassuboptimalintakeofironorprotein, whichcanstillin ﬂ uencegrowthtrajectoriesandpubertaltimingovertime 8 – 13 .”
Influential
Mukbang media: correlations with the dietary behavior of children and adolescents in Korea
Jang, E.-J., Ko, E., Sim, J., Jeong, M., & Park, S. (2024) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2024.18.5.674 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Family Food Environments and Their Association with Primary and Secondary Students’ Food Consumption in Beijing, China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Zhang, R., Yu, X., Yu, Y., Guo, D., He, H., Zhao, Y., & Zhu, W. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14091970 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Association of physical activity and sitting time with tobacco and alcohol use in 222,495 adolescents from 66 countries
de Victo, E. R., Ferrari, G., Drenowatz, C. J., & Solé, D. (2024) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-05079-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Data from this study and detailed methods used in the GSHS are described online on the WHO website (https:// www. who. int/ teams/ nonco mmuni cable-disea ses/ surve illan ce/ syste ms-tools/ global- school- based-stude nt- health-survey/ metho dology) and in other publications [20, 22, 23].”
BackgroundMethod
Influence of Coca-Cola on orthodontic materials. A systematic review
Kessler, P., & Türp, J. C. (2020) · SWISS DENTAL JOURNAL SSO – Science and Clinical Topics · doi:10.61872/sdj-2020-12-02 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Introduction The consumption of carbonated soft drinks (soda, carbonates) is widespread among children, adolescents, and adults worldwide (Yang et al. 2017; Brownbill et al. 2018; Beal et al. 2019).”
BackgroundInfluential
Would offering vegetables to children for breakfast increase their total daily vegetable intake?
McLeod, C. J., Haycraft, E., & Daley, A. (2022) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980022002002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Parental Information Needs and Intervention Preferences for Preventing Multiple Lifestyle Risk Behaviors Among Adolescents: Cross-sectional Survey Among Parents
Champion, K. E., Hunter, E., Gardner, L. A., Thornton, L. K., Chapman, C., McCann, K., Spring, B. J., Slade, T. N., Teesson, M., & Newton, N. C. (2023) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/42272 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“1% consumed fast food at least once per week [2].”
Background
Dietary Behavior of Adolescents in the Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia: A Comparison between Cities with and without the Healthy Cities Program
Alasqah, I., Mahmud, I., East, L., Alqarawi, N., & Usher, K. J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189508 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“8% drink carbonated drinks everyday [51].”
Current situation and factors influencing physical fitness among adolescents aged 12 ∼ 15 in Shandong Province, China: A cross-sectional study
Huang, Z., Li, S., Lu, F., Tian, K., & Peng, L. (2023) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102460 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“An overreliance on such nutritionally stunted offerings could not only culminate in malnutrition (Beal et al., 2019) but could also precipitate weight augmentations, elevating risks of obesity (Alsabieh et al., 2019).”
Background
Sugar sweetened beverages, natural fruit juices, and cancer: what we know and what still needs to be assessed
Eshaghian, N., Zare, M., Mohammadian, M. K., Gozidehkar, Z., Afsaneh, A., Askari, G., Asadi, M., Milajerdi, A., & Sadeghi, O. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1301335 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Identifying lifestyle factors associated to co-morbidity of obesity and psychiatric disorders, a pilot study
Gaskell, C., Sarada, P., Aleem, E. A., & Bendriss, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1132994 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sex differences in high-risk health behaviors among school-going adolescents in Yazd, Iran; a cross-sectional study
Vakili, M., Mirzadeh, M., Mirzaei, M., Modarresi, M., Raei, R., Karimi, R., Aghakoochak, A., & Imani, A. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16404 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Evaluation of the relationship between body composition and dietary habits of physically active people with disabilities
Pelc, A., Walicka-Cupryś, K., Puszkarz, G., Styś, K., Chmiel, E., Wilk, S., Ludwikowski, G., & Placek, K. M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60735-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Snacks are consumed daily by 40.8% of the students, while meat is consumed by 21.3% of the respondents 26 , our research shows that snacks and red meat are consumed less often than a few times a month, the respondents are more likely to go for white meat and fish.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Advances in Leaf Plant Bioactive Compounds: Modulation of Chronic Inflammation Related to Obesity
Barros, J., Abraão, A., Gouvinhas, I., Granato, D., & Barros, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26073358 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Recent studies have considered that, on average, there is a global trend towards low consumption of fruits and vegetables and high consumption of fast food and sugary drinks, especially in industrialized countries [16].”
Data-driven approach to understand associations between dietary patterns, sleep problems, and mental health in adolescents
Zhao, Y., Han, X., Ewing, S. W. F., St‐Onge, M., & Paulus, M. P. (2025) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2025.05.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Characterizing Adolescents' Dietary Intake by Taste: Results From the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey
Bawajeeh, A. O., Zulyniak, M. A., Evans, C. E. L., & Cade, J. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.893643 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Efficacy of a school-based education intervention on the consumption of fruits, vegetables and carbonated soft drinks among adolescents
Ahmed, K. R., Kolbe-Alexander, T. L., & Khan, A. (2023) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980023002094 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“However, a recent meta-analysis reported that the GSHS are nationally representative self-administered questionnaires that provide valuable insight into the frequency of fruit, vegetable, carbonated soft drink and fast-food consumption among school-going adolescents (aged 12 – 17 years) (14) .”
Background
The health behaviors differences among male and female school-age adolescents in the Middle East and North Africa region countries: a meta-analysis of the Global School-based Student Health Survey data
Achak, D., Azizi, A., El-Ammari, A., Youlyouz‐Marfak, I., Saad, E., Nejjari, C., Hilali, A., Peltzer, K., & Marfak, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1448386 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a Mobile Phone-Delivered Multiple Health Behavior Change Intervention (LIFE4YOUth) in Adolescents: Randomized Controlled Trial
Seiterö, A., Henriksson, P., Thomas, K., Henriksson, H., Löf, M., Bendtsen, M., & Müssener, U. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/69425 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Thus, it is concerning that only 30% of adolescents globally are meeting the recommendation of 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day [9], and that the proportion of adolescents who drink sugary drinks daily is higher than those who consume fruit daily [10].”
The 15-year national trends of urinary cancers incidence among Iranian men and women; 2005–2020
Mousavian, A.-H., Shafiee, G., Sheidaei, A., Balajam, N. Z., Ebrahimi, M., Khatami, F., Gohari, K., Aryan, A., Ghanbari, A., Ostovar, A., et al. (2024) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-023-02084-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The CASPIAN studies covered information on the care and prevention of non-communicable diseases of childhood and adolescence in the years CASPIAN-III (2009–2010), CASPIAN-IV (2011–2012), and CAS-PIAN-V (2015) [21, 22].”
Method
Beyond BMI: Exploring Adolescent Lifestyle and Health Behaviours in Transylvania, Romania
Roșioară, A.-I., Năsui, B. A., Ciuciuc, N., Sîrbu, D. M., Curşeu, D., Vesa, Ș. C., Popescu, C. A., Bleza, A., & Popa, M. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17020268 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…Health Surveys, which included 94 countries screened in 72 studies regarding fruit and vegetable consumption, showed that overall, 34.5% consumed fruit less than once per day, 20.6% consumed vegetables less than once per day and 42.8% consumed carbonated soft drinks at least once per day [23].”
Influential
Association of Unhealthy Food Practices with Nutritional Status of Adolescents
Khalid, S. (2021) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2021.33.005389 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Adolescents’ School Travel and Unhealthy Snacking: Associations with School Transport Modes, Neighbourhood Deprivation, and Body Weight
Situmorang, M. L., Coppell, K. J., Smith, M., Keall, M., & Mandic, S. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14127038 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Consumption of carbonated soft drinks and association with health behaviours and mental health among adolescents in Malaysia: findings from 2022 Adolescent Health Survey (AHS)
Zaki, N. A. M., Kent, L. W., Sallehuddin, S. M., Sahril, N., & Salleh, R. (2025) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-025-01044-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis conducted between 2008 and 2015 found that about 40% of adolescents aged 12 and 15 drank carbon-ated soft drinks at least once a day, with the highest consumption in the United States, followed by Africa [25].”
Association between the food environment of Brazilian public and private schools and the consumption of ultra-processed foods: Analysis of the National Student Health Survey (PeNSE) 2019
Cunha, R. D. O., Silva, U. M., Silva, U. M., & Canella, D. S. (2025) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102871 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Enhancing the theory of planned behavior with social reactive constructs in explaining adolescents’ dietary behaviors
Zhou, Y., Nie, X., Lin, Y., Pan, S., Cao, R., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.108170 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dietary inflammatory index, body adiposity indicators and blood pressure in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Leite, L. D. O., Lira, C. R. N., Pitangueira, J. C. D., & Costa, P. R. D. F. (2025) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422425100164 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The association between exposure to food marketing and dietary intake among youth in six countries
Vergeer, L., Gillis, G., Rynard, V. L., Vanderlee, L., White, C. M., Nieto, C., Hammond, D. G., & Kent, M. P. (2025) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-025-01828-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Therefore, while marketing of less healthy foods is known to be detrimental to youth’s health, marketing fruits and vegetables may be an effective strategy to promote fruit and vegetable consumption, a food group that is lacking in the diets of many children and adolescents [62].”
Adherence to ‘5-2-1-0’ guidelines and multiple risky behaviours among adolescents in nine sub-Saharan African countries: evidence from Global School-based Student Health Survey 2012–2017
Hoogstoel, F., Samadoulougou, S., Diouf, A., Savoye, I., Donnen, P., der Heyden, J. V., & Kirakoya‐Samadoulougou, F. (2023) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2022-000488 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Individual and family factors correlated with children’s fruit consumption
Wu, X., Yu, Y., He, H., Yu, X., Guo, D., & Zhu, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1399704 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Associations of Eating Habits with Self-Rated Health and Life Satisfaction in Adolescents: A 42-Country Cross-Sectional Study
Chen, S., López‐Gil, J. F., Memon, A. R., Bao, R., & Yang, X. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14060099 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“However, frequent skipping of breakfast and a tendency to decline fruit and vegetables have been observed in school-aged children [24,55–57].”
Background
Exploring Psychosocial Determinants of Eating Behavior: Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Brazilian Adolescents
Moraes, C. H. D. C., Alvarenga, M. D. S., Moraes, J. M. M., & Cyrillo, D. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.796894 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Association between breast-feeding exposure and duration with offspring’s dietary patterns over 1 year of age: a systematic review of observational studies
Eslami, O., & Shidfar, F. (2022) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114522002057 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Characterizing nutrient patterns of food items in adolescent diet using data from a novel citizen science project and the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Treitler, J. T., Tekle, S., Ushe, J., Zanin, L., Capshaw, T. L., Tardieu, G., Libin, A., & Zeng, Q. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1233141 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Forgotten Age Phase of Healthy Lifestyle Promotion? A Preliminary Study to Examine the Potential Call for Targeted Physical Activity and Nutrition Education for Older Adolescents
Howells, K., & Coppinger, T. C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19105970 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Previous research has identified that adolescent diets are poorly understood [41].”
BackgroundInfluential
Effect of the multicomponent healthy high school intervention on meal frequency and eating habits among high school students in Denmark: a cluster randomized controlled trial
Duus, K. S., Bonnesen, C. T., Rosing, J. A., Madsen, K. R., Pedersen, T. P., Toftager, M., Thygesen, L. C., & Krølner, R. F. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01228-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Physical fitness status and influencing factors among college students aged 19 ~ 22 in Shandong province, China: a cross-sectional study
Huang, Z., Wang, W., Huo, K., Wang, Y., & Tian, K. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22350-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Dependence on such nutritionally deficient foods not only raises the risk of malnutrition [70] but can also contribute to weight gain, thereby increasing the likelihood of obesity [71].”
Barriers and enablers to providing healthy food and beverages in New Zealand secondary school canteens
Coady, O. R., Styles, S. E., & Smith, C. P. (2025) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daaf011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Globally, adolescents’ consumption of fruits and vegetables, sodium, fat, sugar-sweetened beverages, and water is misaligned with dietary guidelines and recommended nutrient intakes (Diethelm et al. 2012, Beal et al. 2019).”
Students’ perceptions of school sugar-free, food and exercise environments enhance healthy eating and physical activity
Liu, C.-H., Chang, F.-C., Niu, Y.-Z., Liao, L.-L., Chang, Y.-J., Liao, Y., & Shih, S.-F. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021004961 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nutritional Behaviour of Adolescents and the Impact of Covid-19 on A Diet in Saudi Arabia
Almutairi, N., Burns, S. K., & Portsmouth, L. (2022) · Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal · doi:10.12944/crnfsj.10.3.8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Addition of substances to reduce the erosive potential of acidic beverages to tooth enamel: A scoping review
Jácome, E. V. M., de Bessa, M. S., Borges, B. C. D., & Tôrres, A. C. S. P. (2024) · International Journal of Dental Hygiene · doi:10.1111/idh.12791 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Trans-Fatty Acids in Fast-Food and Intake Assessment for Yerevan’s Population, Armenia
Pipoyan, D., Beglaryan, M., Stepanyan, S., & Merendino, N. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11091294 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Global scoping study on fruits and vegetables : results from literature and data analysis
Piters, B. D. S., Dijkxhoorn, Y., Hengsdijk, H., Guo, X., Brouwer, I. D., Likoko, E., Tichař, T., Carrico, C., Conijn, J. G., Oostewechel, R., et al. (2021) · doi:10.18174/552129 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
CRAVING LOYALTY: EXAMINING THE INFLUENCE OF LOYALTY PROGRAMS ON CUSTOMER RETENTION IN SOUTH AFRICA’S FAST-FOOD LANDSCAPE
Mdletshe, N. E. (2023) · European Journal of Management and Marketing Studies · doi:10.46827/ejmms.v8i3.1607 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This study aspires to contribute to the body of knowledge by providing nuanced insights that can inform strategic decisions within the rapidly evolving South African fast-food industry (Beal et al., 2019; Tadesse et al. 2019).”
Background
Assessing through a longitudinal study of dietary habits among Romanian school children: effects of COVID-19 pandemic as well as of a school based educational program for promotion of healthy nutrition
Trandafir, A.-V., & Lotrean, L. M. (2024) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03492-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“While fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, fibers and other bioactive compounds [22], sugar sweetened drinks contain large amounts of sugar [21], which make them have little nutritive benefits [ 23– 25 ].”
Background
Offering vegetables to children at breakfast time in nursery and kindergarten settings: the Veggie Brek feasibility and acceptability cluster randomised controlled trial
McLeod, C. J., Haycraft, E., & Daley, A. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-023-01443-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The association of excessive soft drinks consumption with early-onset colorectal cancer
Rehman, O. U., Fatima, E., & Arabpour, J. (2023) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2023.113242 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Country-level sociocultural context and socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent dietary behaviours: A multilevel analysis in 21 European countries
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Influential

Appendix_(6) - Global Patterns of Adolescent Fruit, Vegetable, Carbonated Soft Drink, and Fast-Food Consumption: A Meta-Analysis of Global School-Based Student Health Surveys
Beal, T., Morris, S. S., & Tumilowicz, A. (2019) · Figshare · doi:10.25384/sage.9995216
Self-citation
Temporal Trends in Inadequate Vegetable and Fruit Consumption Among Adolescents Aged 12–15 Years From 31 Countries in Asia, Africa, and the Americas
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Authors: Beal, T., Morris, S. S., & Tumilowicz, A.
Affiliations: Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (CH)
Corresponding author: Beal, Ty
ORCID: Beal, Ty
Morris, Saul S.
Tumilowicz, Alison
Venue: Food and Nutrition Bulletin
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2019-10-16
Volume: 40
Issue: 4
Pages: 444-459
ISSN: 0379-5721 (ISSN-L)
1564-8265
DOI: 10.1177/0379572119848287
OpenAlex: W2981224137
Cited by: 174
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 6
FWCI: 1.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Food and Nutrition Bulletin (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords: adolescent diet, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, soft drinks, fast food consumption, dietary habits, subpopulation differences, South and East Asia, Latin America, high-income countries, low-income countries, food intake frequency, adolescent nutrition
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Carbonated Beverages, Child, Diet, Female, Fruit, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Students, Vegetables, Global Health, Fast Foods

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Global Patterns of Adolescent Fruit, Vegetable, Carbonated Soft Drink, and Fast-Food Consumption: A Meta-Analysis of Global School-Based Student Health Surveys

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