Global, regional and national consumption of major food groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys worldwide
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To quantify global intakes of key foods related to non-communicable diseases in adults by region (n=21), country (n=187), age and sex, in 1990 and 2010. Design: We searched and obtained individual-level intake data in 16 age/sex groups worldwide from 266 surveys across 113 countries. We combined these data with food balance sheets available in all nations and years. A hierarchical Bayesian model estimated mean food intake and associated uncertainty for each age-sex-country-year stratum, accounting for differences in intakes versus availability, survey methods and representativeness, and sampling and modelling uncertainty. Setting/population: Global adult population, by age, sex, country and time. Results: In 2010, global fruit intake was 81.3 g/day (95% uncertainty interval 78.9–83.7), with country-specific intakes ranging from 19.2–325.1 g/day; in only 2 countries (representing 0.4% of the world's population), mean intakes met recommended targets of ≥300 g/day. Country-specific vegetable intake ranged from 34.6–493.1 g/day (global mean=208.8 g/day); corresponding values for nuts/seeds were 0.2–152.7 g/day (8.9 g/day); for whole grains, 1.3–334.3 g/day (38.4 g/day); for seafood, 6.0–87.6 g/day (27.9 g/day); for red meats, 3.0–124.2 g/day (41.8 g/day); and for processed meats, 2.5–66.1 g/day (13.7 g/day). Mean national intakes met recommended targets in countries representing 0.4% of the global population for vegetables (≥400 g/day); 9.6% for nuts/seeds (≥4 (28.35 g) servings/week); 7.6% for whole grains (≥2.5 (50 g) servings/day); 4.4% for seafood (≥3.5 (100 g) servings/week); 20.3% for red meats (≤1 (100 g) serving/week); and 38.5% for processed meats (≤1 (50 g) serving/week). Intakes of healthful foods were generally higher and of less healthful foods generally lower at older ages. Intakes were generally similar by sex. Vegetable, seafood and processed meat intakes were stable over time; fruits, nuts/seeds and red meat, increased; and whole grains, decreased. Conclusions: These global dietary data by nation, age and sex identify key challenges and opportunities for optimising diets, informing policies and priorities for improving global health.
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- Authors
- Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Shi, P., Andrews, K. G., Engell, R. E., & Mozaffarian, D.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Micha, Renata
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e008705
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4593162
- OpenAlex
- W2272263214
- Cited by
- 473
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 19
- FWCI
- 34.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- United States Agency for International Development
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- Universidade de São Paulo
- National Research University Higher School of Economics
- National Institutes of Health (2r24hd050924-06, R24 HD‐050924, #HD050924, 5 R24 HD050924)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Gillings School of Public Health
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (R24 HD050924, R01-HD38700, 5 R24 HD050924)
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD 38700, R24 HD-050924, 5R24 HD050924, R01HD038700)
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (R24HD050924, HD050924, 5 R24 HD050924)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Nutrition, Health, and Society Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- dietary intake, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, nuts and seeds, whole grains, seafood consumption, red meat consumption, processed meat intake, non-communicable diseases, dietary recommendations, food balance sheets, Bayesian hierarchical model, age and sex differences, underreporting
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Bayes Theorem, Energy Intake, Diet, Ethnicity, Feeding Behavior, Food Supply, Humans, Nutrition Surveys, Nutritional Status, Sex Factors, Global Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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