Parenting Interacts With Plasticity Genes in Predicting Behavioral Outcomes in Preschoolers
Abstract
Background: Public health and pediatric nurses typically focus on supporting parenting to reduce the likelihood of children’s behavioral problems. Studies have identified interactions between early exposures to stress in caregiving and child genotype in predicting children’s behavioral problems, such that certain genotypes connote greater differential susceptibility or plasticity to environmental stressors. We sought to uncover the interaction between observational measures of parent–child relationship quality and genotype in predicting early-onset behavioral problems in 24-month-olds, using prospective methods. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data collected on a subsample of 176 women and their infants enrolled during pregnancy in the ongoing Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) cohort study. Inclusion criteria required mothers to be ≥18 years of age, English speaking and ≤22 weeks gestational age at enrollment. Genetic data were obtained from blood leukocytes and buccal epithelial cell samples, collected from infants at three months of age. For each child, the presence of plasticity alleles was determined for BDNF, CNR1, DRD2/ANKK1, DRD4, DAT1, 5 -HTTLPR, and MAOA and an overall index was calculated to summarize the number of plasticity alleles present. Observational assessments of parent–child relationship quality (sensitivity, controlling, and unresponsiveness) were conducted at six months of age. Children’s internalizing (e.g., emotionally reactive, anxious/depressed, somatic complaint, withdrawn) and externalizing (e.g., aggression, inattention) behaviors were assessed at 24 months of age. After extracting genetic data, a maximum likelihood method for regressions was employed with Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) for model selection. Results: When parents were less responsive and children possessed more plasticity alleles, children were more likely to be emotionally reactive, anxious/depressed, report somatic complaints, and withdrawn, while when parents were less responsive and children possessed fewer plasticity alleles, children were less likely to display these internalizing behaviors, in a differentially susceptible manner. Furthermore, when parents were more responsive, and children possessed more plasticity alleles, children were less likely to display internalizing behaviors (P = 0.034). Similarly, children who possessed either the CNR1-A plasticity allele (P = 0.010) or DAT1 9-repeat plasticity allele (P = 0.036) and experienced more/less parental control displayed more/fewer externalizing problems, respectively, in a differentially susceptible manner. Conclusions: The plasticity index score interacted with parental unresponsiveness in predicting anxiety and depressive behavioral problems in children, while individual genetic variants interacted with parental controlling behavior in predicting aggression and inattention in children, suggestive of differential susceptibility to caregiving. Especially in the context of nursing interventions designed to support childrearing and children’s development, nurses need to be aware of the interactions between child genotype and parenting in understanding how well interventions will work in promoting optimal child behavior.
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Several studies on European children and adolescents and Chinese adolescents did not report a significant main effect of 5-HTTLPR on aggressive behaviors and related phenotypes.
“Several studies on European children and adolescents [78, 89] and Chinese adolescents [51] did not report a significant main effect of 5-HTTLPR on aggressive behaviors and related phenotypes.”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [89]
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Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review
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- Authors
- Letourneau, N. L., de Koning, A. P. J., Sekhon, B., Ntanda, H. N., Kobor, M., Deane, A. J., Morin, A. M., Dewey, D., Campbell, T. S., Giesbrecht, G. F., & the APrON Study Team
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Canada
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Nursing Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-08-12
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 290-307
- ISSN
- 0844-5621 (ISSN-L)
- 1705-7051
- OpenAlex
- W2968576331
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Canadian Journal of Nursing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation
- National Centre of Excellence Kids Brain Health
- Alberta Innovates - Health Solutions
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- parenting, differential susceptibility, gene-environment interaction, parent-child relationship quality, parental sensitivity, parental control, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, preschool children, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, CNR1, DRD4, DAT1, 5-HTTLPR, monoamine oxidase A, emotional reactivity, anxiety and depression
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Child, Child Behavior, Female, Humans, Infant, Mothers, Pregnancy, Cohort Studies, Parenting, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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