Generalization of affective learning about faces to perceptually similar faces
Abstract
Different individuals have different (and different-looking) significant others, friends, and foes. The objective of this study was to investigate whether these social face environments can shape individual face preferences. First, participants learned to associate faces with positive, neutral, or negative behaviors. Then, they evaluated morphs combining novel faces with the learned faces. The morphs (65% and 80% novel faces) were within the categorical boundary of the novel faces: They were perceived as those faces in a preliminary study. Moreover, a second preliminary study showed that following the learning, the morphs' categorization as similar to the learned faces was indistinguishable from the categorization of actual novel faces. Nevertheless, in the main experiment, participants evaluated morphs of "positive" faces more positively than morphs of "negative" faces. This learning generalization effect increased as a function of the similarity of the novel faces to the learned faces. The findings suggest that general learning mechanisms based on similarity can account for idiosyncratic face preferences.
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Evaluative conditioning has been shown to extend to social stimuli; individuals rapidly and unintentionally generalize affective processing to individuals who look physically similar.
“This process of evaluative conditioning has been shown to extend to social stimuli; individuals rapidly and unintentionally generalize affective processing to individuals who look physically similar [41,42].”
From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [42]
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Differences in Allocations of Attention to Faces during Affective Learning of Chinese People
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Identity-specific social devaluationPreprint
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The Effects of Facial Cues on Consumer Judgment and Decision-Making
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Can Digital Face-Morphs Influence Attitudes and Online Behaviors?
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Lilly, L. H., Cooper, J. A., Cassidy, B. S., & Seaman, K. L. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bpkyr
Martín-Fernández, J., Estebaranz, N. C., Félez, E., Rosário, P. J. S. L. F., Pulido, F. R., Navarro-Peris, N., Martínez, F., Cervio, A., & Martín-Monzón, I. (2025) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/s00701-025-06661-x
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- Authors
- Verosky, S. C., & Todorov, A.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-05-18
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 779-785
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2123234965
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Face recognition and analysis
- Keywords
- face preference, face morphing, face classification
- MeSH terms
- Emotions, Face, Generalization, Psychological, Humans, Learning, Social Perception, Visual Perception, Recognition, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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