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Validating a brief measure of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory
Abstract
Zimbardo and Boyd (1999) developed the 56-item Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). It has become the leading measure used in the study of subjective time. In this article, we report an abbreviated ZTPI that only includes 15 total items (SZTPI-15). We tested the psychometric characteristics of the SZTPI-15 by focusing on: (a) convergent and discriminant validity, (b) external validity, (c) test–retest reliability and (d) self-peer ratings. On the basis of these tests, the results demonstrated that the short version was less reliable than the standard ZTPI but showed impressive psychometric convergence with the standard ZTPI.
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“In comparison, future-oriented people tend to feel a little bit less happy in life than other time perspectives, but they paradoxically suffer less anxiety and depression, are more optimistic, and have both more positive and less negative affect than less future-oriented individuals [78–81].”
From Association between time perspective and metacognition among Lebanese adults: the mediating role of mindfulness (2023) · cites this paper as [80]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zhang, J. W., Howell, R. T., & Bowerman, T.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco State University (US)
- The Policy Interactive Research, Eugene, Oregon
- Corresponding author
- Howell, Ryan T.
- Venue
- Time & Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-08-28
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 391-409
- ISSN
- 0961-463X (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7463
- OpenAlex
- W2117744857
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 9.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Time & Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, subjective time, time perspective, abbreviated scale, psychometric validation, convergent validity, test-retest reliability, generalizability
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