The structure of women's mood in the early postpartum
Abstract
The “postpartum blues” is a mild, predictable mood disturbance occurring within the first several days following childbirth. Previous analyses of the “blues” symptom structure yielded inconclusive findings, making reliable assessment a significant methodological limitation. The current study aimed to explicate the symptom structure of women’s mood following childbirth, and to examine psychometric properties of the Daily Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), an adapted version of the Kennerley Blues Questionnaire that included additional items from the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Mothers who recently delivered ( N = 216) were recruited from a university hospital and asked to complete mood ratings on six consecutive days using the DEQ. Exploratory factor analysis yielded an interpretable two-factor solution identified as Negative Affect and Positive Affect. Scale reliability indices were excellent, with a high level of agreement in factor structure over time. This two-factor model provides reliable assessment of women’s mood in the early postpartum, informing the study of reproductive-related mood disorders.
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Negative mood symptoms peak between day 3 and day 5 postpartum, possibly reflecting hormonal readjustments after delivery.
“Negative mood symptoms have been found to peak between day 3 and day 5 postpartum, perhaps reflecting hormonal readjustments after delivery [49–51].”
From Perinatal mental illness: Definition, description and aetiology (2014) · cites this paper as [49]
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Mannathoko, A. M., Molebatsi, K., & Mbuka, D. O. (2025) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v31i0.2373
Li, H., Bowen, A., Bowen, R., Muhajarine, N., & Balbuena, L. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16435759
FROM GUT TO MIND: THE INFLUENCE OF MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION ON POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
Czarnowska, M., Sciepuro, R., Czarnowska, N., Settaf-Cherif, L., Malinowska, K., Barwacz, J., Adamik, M., Gładysz, D., & Zaleszczyk, A. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.4(48).2025.4502
Antepartum and Postpartum Mental Health Issues
Camoni, L., Bernardini, C., Gigantesco, A., & Mirabella, F. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08980-9_20
Basavaraji, P., Meyyazhagan, A., Pappuswamy, M., Renzo, G. C. D., & Vignesh, K. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05381-7_46
- Authors
- Buttner, M. M., O’Hara, M. W., & Watson, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- Venue
- Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-12-06
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 247-256
- ISSN
- 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3489
- OpenAlex
- W2123503763
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- postpartum blues, postpartum mood, early postpartum period, negative affect, positive affect, PANAS, factor structure, psychometric properties, maternal mood
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Female, Humans, Mental Health, Pregnancy, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Statistics as Topic, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, United States, Reproducibility of Results, Women's Health, Depression, Postpartum, Mood Disorders, Young Adult
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