The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Image-Based Sexual Abuse: Online Distribution Channels and Illicit Communities of Support
Abstract
This article investigates the nature and scope of image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) material on 77 high-volume online websites. On the majority of these sites, users appeared to be motivated by sexual gratification and proving masculinity to a sexually deviant peer network, rather than revenge against the person depicted in the image. We argue that nonconsensual image exchanges are contextualized within ever-expanding digital environments, characterized by dislocation of time and space, overvisualization, and hypersexuality. We argue that IBSA is a vehicle for the construction, performativity, and negotiation of hypermasculinity and heteronormativity, within the bounds and structures of existing gendered power relations.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Making such a distinction is, however, a diffi cult task, as commercial pornography intermingles with non-consensually shared imagery on these sites (Henry & Flynn, 2019).”
From Sexualized, platformed female bodies in male online practices: Negotiating boundaries of masculinity, gendered positioning and intimacy (2022) · cites this paper as Henry & Flynn, 2019
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243205278639 · Cited by 9,367
WEST, C., & ZIMMERMAN, D. H. (1987) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243287001002002 · Cited by 8,954
Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory
Butler, J. (1988) · Theatre Journal · doi:10.2307/3207893 · Cited by 5,584
Hine, C. (2000) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9780857020277 · Cited by 2,436
Coming of age in Second Life: an anthropologist explores the virtually human
Boellstorff, T. (2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-5685 · Cited by 1,421
Digital Ethnography: Principles and Practice
Pink, S., Horst, H. A., Postill, J., Hjorth, L., Lewis, T., & Tacchi, J. (2015) · Cited by 1,157
The arrangement between the sexes
Goffman, E. (1977) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/bf00206983 · Cited by 1,076
Murthy, D. (2008) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038508094565 · Cited by 868
From Hegemonic Masculinity to the Hegemony of Men
Hearn, J. (2004) · Feminist Theory · doi:10.1177/1464700104040813 · Cited by 787
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- 10.1177/0866260518760011 · DOI
- Braidotti R. (2011). Nomadic subjects: Embodiment and sexual difference in contemporary theory. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Citron D. K., Franks M. A. (2014). Criminalizing revenge porn. Wake Forest Law Review, 49, 345-391.
- 10.1093/acrefore/978019264079.013.534 · DOI
- Foucault M. (1990). The history of sexuality: An introduction, volume 1 (R. Hurley, Trans.). New York: Vintage.
- Green S. P. (2018). To see and be seen: Reconstructing the law of voyeurism and exhibitionism. American Criminal Law Review, 55, 203-258.
- Hall M., Hearn J. (2018). Revenge pornography: Gender, sexuality and motivations. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
- McGlynn C., Rackley E. (2013). Prosecuting the possession of extreme pornography: A misunderstood and mis-used law. Criminal Law Review, 5, 400-405.
- Tran M. (2015). Combatting gender privilege and recognizing a woman’s right to privacy in public spaces: Arguments to criminalize catcalling and creepshots. Hastings Women’s Law Review, 26, 185-206.
- 10.1177/136346071667514 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Technology-Facilitated Domestic and Sexual Violence: A Review
Henry, N., Flynn, A., & Powell, A. (2020) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801219875821 · Cited by 241
Self-citationThe prevalence of technology-facilitated sexual violence: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Patel, U., & Roesch, R. (2022) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020958057 · Cited by 175
Flynn, A., Powell, A., Scott, A. J., & Cama, E. (2022) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azab111 · Cited by 120
Self-citationTechnology-Facilitated Abuse in Intimate Relationships: A Scoping Review
Rogers, M. M., Fisher, C., Ali, P., Allmark, P., & Fontes, L. (2023) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221090218 · Cited by 99
Governing Image-Based Sexual Abuse: Digital Platform Policies, Tools, and Practices
Henry, N., & Witt, A. (2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211054 · Cited by 70
Self-citationKarasavva, V., & Forth, A. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211043586 · Cited by 69
Image-Based Sexual Abuse Perpetration: A Scoping Review
Henry, N., & Beard, G. (2024) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241266137 · Cited by 63
“These studies offer invaluable insights into the interactions that offenders have with other offenders, or the ways in which they justify their actions and the language they use (see e.g., Hall & Hearn, 2019; Henry & Flynn, 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDigital intrusions: technology, spatiality and violence against women
Harris, B., & Vitis, L. (2020) · Journal of Gender-Based Violence · doi:10.1332/239868020x15986402363663 · Cited by 63
New tools, old abuse: Technology-Enabled Coercive Control (TECC)
Cuomo, D., & Dolci, N. (2021) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.08.002 · Cited by 64
Bansal, V., Rezwan, M., Iyer, M., Leasure, E., Roth, C., Pal, P., & Hinson, L. (2024) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231154614 · Cited by 54
Powell, A., Scott, A. J., Flynn, A., & McCook, S. (2022) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2022.2119292 · Cited by 60
Self-citationLaffier, J., & Rehman, A. (2023) · Journal of Digital Life and Learning · doi:10.51357/jdll.v3i1.218 · Cited by 44
Policing technology-facilitated abuse
Flynn, A., Powell, A., & Hindes, S. (2023) · Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy · doi:10.1080/10439463.2022.2159400 · Cited by 26
Self-citationThe Psychology of Nonconsensual Porn: Understanding and Addressing a Growing Form of Sexual Violence
Eaton, A. A., & McGlynn, C. M. S. (2020) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732220941534 · Cited by 54
Eaton, A. A., Ramjee, D., & Saunders, J. F. (2023) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2021.2022057 · Cited by 40
Echevarria, S. G., Peterson, R. S., & Woerner, J. I. (2022) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2022.2130858 · Cited by 42
Campbell, J. K., Poage, S. M., Godley, S., & Rothman, E. F. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520967150 · Cited by 42
Typologies and Psychological Profiles of Child Sexual Abusers: An Extensive Review
Lim, Y. Y., Wahab, S. B., Kumar, J., Ibrahim, F. B., & Kamaluddin, M. R. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8050333 · Cited by 36
Karasavva, V., Swanek, J., Smodis, A., & Forth, A. E. (2022) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2022.2032430 · Cited by 37
Short-Term and Long-Term Impacts of Financial Sextortion on Victim’s Mental Well-Being
O’Malley, R. L. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231156416 · Cited by 34
Image-Based Sexual Abuse as a Means of Coercive Control: Victim-Survivor Experiences
Henry, N., Gavey, N., & Johnson, K. (2023) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012221114918 · Cited by 31
Self-citationMaas, M. K., Cary, K. M., Clancy, E. M., Klettke, B., McCauley, H. L., & Temple, J. R. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-01920-1 · Cited by 31
Prevalence and Impacts of Image-Based Sexual Abuse Victimization: A Multinational Study
Umbach, R., Henry, N., & Beard, G. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713545 · Cited by 28
Self-citationTechnology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse: International Perspectives and Experiences
Bailey, J., Henry, N., & Flynn, A. (2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211001 · Cited by 38
Self-citationHuiskes, P., Dinis, M. A. P., & Caridade, S. (2022) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2022.2089863 · Cited by 32
Disrupting and Preventing Deepfake Abuse: Exploring Criminal Law Responses to AI-Facilitated Abuse
Flynn, A., Clough, J. A., & Cooke, T. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83734-1_29 · Cited by 26
Self-citationMaas, M. K., Gal, T., Cary, K. M., & Greer, K. M. (2022) · American Journal of Sexuality Education · doi:10.1080/15546128.2022.2076757 · Cited by 33
Hall, M., Hearn, J., & Lewis, R. (2021) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012211008981 · Cited by 24
Mclocklin, G., Këllezi, B., Stevenson, C., & Mackay, J. (2024) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2024.2329107 · Cited by 24
Flynn, A., Powell, A., Eaton, A. A., & Scott, A. J. (2025) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251368834 · Cited by 27
Self-citationQiwei, L., McDonald, A., Haimson, O. L., Schoenebeck, S. Y., & Gilbert, É. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3686914 · Cited by 26
Technology-facilitated sexual violence: a review of virtual violence against women
de Araújo, A. V. M., do Bonfim, C. V., Bushatsky, M., & Furtado, B. M. A. S. M. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i2.25757 · Cited by 19
Greer, K. M., Cary, K. M., Maas, M. K., Drouin, M. A., & Cornelius, T. L. (2022) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-022-09952-y · Cited by 22
Bystander Apathy and Intervention in the Era of Social Media
Lytle, R. D., Bratton, T. M., & Hudson, H. K. (2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211052 · Cited by 20
Technology and Sexual Offending
Fisico, R., & Harkins, L. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01269-1 · Cited by 18
Image-based sexual abuse: Legislative and policing responses
Huber, A. R. (2023) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/17488958221146141 · Cited by 21
Homosocial positionings and ambivalent participation
Hansen Mandau, M. B. (2020) · MedieKultur Journal of media and communication research · doi:10.7146/mediekultur.v36i67.113976 · Cited by 17
Image-Based Sexual Abuse: Online Communities and the Broader Misogynistic Landscape
Huber, A. R. (2022) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azac067 · Cited by 17
Vizcaíno-Cuenca, R., Romero-Sánchez, M., & Carretero‐Dios, H. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231222876 · Cited by 18
Dolev-Cohen, M. (2023) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012231179219 · Cited by 18
Eaton, A. A., Krieger, M. A., Siegel, J. A., & Miller, A. M. (2024) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12395 · Cited by 20
Countering the complex, multifaceted nature of nude and sexually explicit deepfakes: an Augean task?
Maras, M., & Logie, K. (2024) · Crime Science · doi:10.1186/s40163-024-00226-6 · Cited by 18
Marganski, A., & Melander, L. A. (2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211046 · Cited by 21
Image-Based Sexual Abuse and Deepfakes: A Survivor Turned Activist’s Perspective
Martin, N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83734-1_4 · Cited by 14
Abdullah, M., Nawaz, M. M., Saleem, B., Zahra, M., Ashfaq, E. B., & Muhammad, Z. (2025) · Analytics · doi:10.3390/analytics4030025 · Cited by 13
The Predictors, Motivations and Characteristics of Image-Based Sexual Abuse: A Scoping Review
Parton, L. E., & Rogers, M. M. (2025) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380251320992 · Cited by 13
Image-Based Sexual Abuse: A Feminist Criminological Approach
Henry, N., & Flynn, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78440-3_47 · Cited by 13
Self-citationGunnoo, A., Jackson, M., & Saling, L. L. (2024) · Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/26338076241254844 · Cited by 11
Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence: Victimization and Risk Factors
Monteiro, R., Grangeia, H., & Santos, A. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13070372 · Cited by 18
Huber, A. R., & Ward, Z. (2024) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/14773708241255821 · Cited by 10
Pavan, E., & Lavorgna, A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83734-1_27 · Cited by 9
Hearn, J., & Hall, M. (2022) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2022.101779 · Cited by 17
The distribution of fake Australian vaccine digital certificates on an alt-tech platform
Childs, A. (2022) · Trends in Organized Crime · doi:10.1007/s12117-022-09466-x · Cited by 9
Rasmussen, P. K. B., & Søndergaard, D. M. (2022) · MedieKultur. Journal of Media and Communication Research · doi:10.7146/mediekultur.v37i71.125300 · Cited by 7
“As the imagery travels through time and space, perhaps ending up on abusive and illicit online sites (Henry & Flynn, 2019) saturated with heteronormative, gender-asymmetric discourses that nourish and sometimes even encourage sexual violence (Massanari, 2017), the depicted body enters quite diff…”
BackgroundInfluentialLorca, J. G. (2025) · Violence and Gender · doi:10.1177/23267836251389595 · Cited by 10
Clancy, E. M., Maas, M. K., March, E., Howard, D., & Klettke, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671986 · Cited by 7
Harder, S. K. (2022) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azac051 · Cited by 7
den Eynde, S. V., Pleysier, S., & Walrave, M. (2025) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-025-00269-z · Cited by 8
Bekkers, L. M. J., Holt, T. J., & Leukfeldt, R. (2025) · Journal of Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1108/jcp-03-2025-0035 · Cited by 6
Eaton, A. A., Scott, A. J., Flynn, A., & Powell, A. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108899 · Cited by 10
Self-citationPatterns of Sexting by Youths: A Latent Class Analysis
Dolev-Cohen, M. (2024) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2024.2351430 · Cited by 9
Kolisetty, A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83734-1_25 · Cited by 4
5. Values and virtues in technology
Wernaart, B. F. W. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-922-0_5 · Cited by 4
Explaining Image-Based Sexual Abuse: An Application of Cyber Routine Activity Theory
Laskovtsov, A., & Boyle, K. M. (2025) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2025.2485125 · Cited by 3
Stephenson, S., Gupta, N., Huang, K., Youssef, D. E., Cowan, K., & Chatterjee, R. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790296 · Cited by 3
Rasmussen, P. K. B. (2022) · Nordisk tidsskrift for ungdomsforskning · doi:10.18261/ntu.3.1.8 · Cited by 3
Peeping Wang: A Bird’s Eye View on Video Voyeurism among Chinese Men Attracted to Men
Liu, Y. V. (2022) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2021.2022589 · Cited by 3
Researching Young People’s Sexualized Digital Practices Involving Imagery:
Rasmussen, P. K. B. (2021) · Outlines Critical Practice Studies · doi:10.7146/ocps.v22i.126198 · Cited by 4
iPredator: Image-Based Sexual Abuse Risk Factors and Motivators
Karasavva, V. (2020) · doi:10.22215/etd/2020-14246 · Cited by 3
Çarkcı, D., & Ulutaş, D. A. (2025) · Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi · doi:10.21560/spcd.vi.1714582 · Cited by 2
Stephenson, S., Gupta, N., Polamarasetty, A., Huang, K., Youssef, D., Cowan, K., & Chatterjee, R. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3757622 · Cited by 2
Umbach, R., & Henry, N. (2025) · Journal of Cybersecurity · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyaf033 · Cited by 6
Self-citation“Doing gender”: A digital ethnography of image-based abuse perpetration
Henry, N., Vowles, C., & Beard, G. (2026) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448251356604 · Cited by 2
Self-citationNed, L. Y., Tyabashe-Phume, B., Tunggal, E., & Soldatić, K. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16050745 · Cited by 2
Thomasen, K., & Dunn, S. (2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211040 · Cited by 2
Soldner, F., Tanczer, L. M., Hammocks, D., López-Neira, I., & Johnson, S. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83734-1_24 · Cited by 2
DIGITAL VIOLENCE AND WOMEN: SYSTEMATIZATION OF RESEARCHS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
DUMAN, M. Ç. (2023) · Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.53443/anadoluibfd.1187094 · Cited by 8
“Your Photos, Your Fault”: Masculine Honor Beliefs and Perceptions of Revenge Pornography
Renken, N. D., Hall, S. J., Prokhorets, S. “., & Saucier, D. A. (2024) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-2022-0138 · Cited by 2
Hall, M., Lewis, R., & Hearn, J. (2024) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012241292293 · Cited by 4
Understanding the mediator and moderator role of digital citizenship on cyber harassment
Macharia, M., & Dunaway, M. (2025) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-05-2022-0376 · Cited by 2
Online abuse: problematic for all Australians
Lee, C. (2022) · Journal of Criminological Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.1108/jcrpp-02-2022-0006 · Cited by 2
Design and Development Anonymous Social Media as a Safe Platform for Sexual Harassment Incidents
Kusumo, L. M. T., Abadi, E. H. E., Wildan, M., & Kristian, W. (2023) · International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech) · doi:10.1109/icimtech59029.2023.10277903 · Cited by 2
Erdim, N. K., & Baş, G. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107851 · Cited by 1
Berlin, E., & Rollero, C. (2025) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012251409170 · Cited by 1
Hung, W.-L. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23040525 · Cited by 1
Association Between Sexting and Different Types of Sexual Violence: A Meta-Analysis
Favilli, M., López-Palanca, I., Fernández‐Felipe, I., & Esparza-Reig, J. (2026) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-026-03526-x · Cited by 1
Image-Based Sexual Abuse: A Feminist Criminological Approach
Henry, N., & Flynn, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90307-1_47-1 · Cited by 1
Self-citationBleakley, P., & McCarthy, K. E. (2024) · Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/26338076241230699 · Cited by 1
Hand, C. J., Ingram, J., Glover, K., Brodie, Z. P., & Scott, G. G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-62273-y · Cited by 1
Shrivastava, S. R., & Shrivastava, P. (2022) · MGM Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/mgmj.mgmj_104_21 · Cited by 1
Faktor Determinan Perilaku Image-based Sexual Abuse: Integrative Review
Gunawan, V. (2023) · Buletin Riset Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental (BRPKM) · doi:10.20473/brpkm.v3i1.49054
Women survivors' experiences of and responses to technology-facilitated sexual violence
Sarkar, S. (2023) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.242462
Internet Research and Image-Based Sexual Abuse: Ethical, Methodological, and Experiential Dilemmas
Huber, A. R. (2024) · Palgrave Studies in Crime, Media and Culture · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75372-5_11
Kadlubsky, A. (2025) · Advances in wireless technologies and telecommunication book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7147-3.ch005
McArthur, J. L., Blais, J., & Goruk, K. J. (2025) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-025-03136-z · Cited by 2
Voice of the voiceless: Addressing women's body exploitation in masculine domination sphere
Rosida, I., Handayani, T., Farlina, N., & Azizah, N. (2025) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003654940-66
Maas, M. K., Cary, K. M., Nason, J. A., Moylan, C. A., & Brown, C. S. (2025) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.70076
Karasavva, V. (2025) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380251383940 · Cited by 4
Gutierrez, N. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74932-2_120-1
Metadata
- Authors
- Henry, N., & Flynn, A.
- Affiliations
- RMIT University (AU)
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Henry, Nicola
- Venue
- Violence Against Women
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-07-30
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 1932-1955
- ISSN
- 1077-8012 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8448
- OpenAlex
- W2966021913
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 21.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Violence Against Women (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Office of the eSafety Commissioner
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- image-based sexual abuse, online distribution channels, online communities, hypermasculinity, heteronormativity, sexual gratification, peer networks, gendered power relations, hypersexuality, performativity
- MeSH terms
- Erotica, Humans, Paraphilic Disorders, Sex Offenses, Social Behavior, Social Support, Internet, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review