Functional Outcomes in the Treatment of Adults With ADHD
Abstract
Objective: ADHD is associated with significant functional impairment in adults. The present study examined functional outcomes following 6-month double-blind treatment with either atomoxetine or placebo. Method: Patients were 410 adults (58.5% male) with DSM-IV—defined ADHD. They were randomly assigned to receive either atomoxetine 40 mg/day to 80 mg/day ( n = 271) or placebo ( n = 139). The primary functional outcome measure was the Endicott Work Productivity Scale (EWPS), and the secondary measure was the Adult ADHD Quality of Life (AAQoL). Patients were seen for four visits in 6 months. Results: At 6 months, both groups had nonsignificantly different improvements in EWPS total scores. Atomoxetine-treated patients showed significantly greater improvement than placebo-treated patients on the AAQoL after controlling for baseline severity of ADHD. Both treatment groups had low 6-month study completion rates. Conclusion: Following 6-month treatment with atomoxetine, adults with ADHD showed significantly greater improvement in functioning on disease-specific measures of quality of life than patients treated with placebo. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2008; 11(6) 720-727)
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Adults with symptoms of ADHD may display impairments in executive functioning and in QOL.
“Adults with symptoms of ADHD may display impairments in executive functioning and in QOL [19].”
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Atomoxetine Treatment for ADHD
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“…and behavioral interventions that take into consideration the comprehensive implications of the disorder, its functional outcomes, and overall QoL (Adler et al., 2008; Brod et al., 2006; Dodson, 2005; Gutman & Szczepanski, 2005; National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2013; Solanto…”
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Self-citationCritical analysis of the concept of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Moncrieff, J., & Timimi, S. (2011) · The Psychiatrist · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.110.033423 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Developmental and Behavioral Disorders Grown Up: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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Severity of Symptoms and Quality of Life in Medical Students With ADHD
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“Two recent investigations (Able et al., 2007; Adler et al., 2008) have used the ASRS in equivalent methods as the current study.”
MethodAtomoxetine treatment in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Walker, D., Mason, O. W., Clemow, D., & Day, K. (2015) · Postgraduate medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2015.1081046 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In a 6-month, double-blind, PBO-controlled study in adult patients with ADHD [39], all of the functional outcome measures were numerically in favor of ATX compared with PBO on the Endicott Work Productivity Scale and the AAQoL total and subscale scores.”
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Gjervan, B., Hjemdal, O., & Nordahl, H. M. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712474689 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Furthermore, adult ADHD is associated with poor outcomes in occupational function (Adler et al., 2008; de Graaf et al., 2008; Gjervan, Torgersen, Nordahl, & Rasmussen, 2011; Safren, Sprich, CooperVince, Knouse, & Lerner, 2010; Torgersen, Gjervan, & Rasmussen, 2006).”
Weiss, M. D., Childress, A. C., & Donnelly, G. A. E. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719896853 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“, 2005) and functional impairment (Able et al., 2007; Adler et al., 2008), in particular during periods of transition such as early morning or late in the day (Brown et al.”
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“Atomoxetine has been found to be safe and effective for the treatment of ADHD in children and adults, including patients with existing comorbid psychiatric disorders, in several randomized clinical trials (RCTs; Adler, Liebowitz, et al., 2009; Adler, Spencer, et al., 2009; Adler et al., 2008; Clemow & Bushe, 2015; Mic…”
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ADHD among a cohort of ethnic minority women
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“Results from these studies have indicated that: (i) ADHD symptoms adversely affected adaptive functioning (Adler et al., 2008); (ii) comorbid psychiatric conditions occurred frequently (Kessler et al., 2006); (iii) cognitive impairments were frequently a problem (e.g., particularly attention,…”
Result“Because You’re Worth It”: A Discourse Analysis of the Gendered Rhetoric of the ADHD Woman
Winter, H., Moncrieff, J., & Speed, E. (2015) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1080/14780887.2015.1050748 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…although stimulant drugs produce immediately detectable effects, including increased focus on repetitive tasks, long-term studies in children and adults show little difference between effects of ADHD medications and nonpharmacological treatments or a placebo (Jensen et al. 2007; Adler et al. 2008).”
ADHD matures: time for practitioners to do the same?
Bolea, B., Adamou, M., Arif, M., Asherson, P., Gudjonsson, G., Müller, U., Nutt, D. J., Pitts, M., Thome, J., & Young, S. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111410898 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Pharmacological treatment is known to improve quality of life (Adler et al., 2008; Spencer et al., 2008) and increase social and psychological functioning (Gørksoyr and Nøttestad, 2008).”
BackgroundJacola, L., Baran, J., Noll, R., Willard, V. W., Hardy, K., Embry, L., Hullmann, S., Larsen, E., Winick, N., & Kairalla, J. (2021) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.28913 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Li, L., Chang, Z., Sun, J., Jangmo, A., Zhang, L., Andersson, L. M., Werner‐Kiechle, T., Ahnemark, E., D'Onofrio, B. M., & Larsson, H. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.6815 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Sobanski, E., Leppämäki, S., Bushe, C., Berggren, L., Casillas, M., & Deberdt, W. G. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.005 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“In a database of all Eli Lilly-sponsored atomoxetine studies in adults with ADHD, a large number of patients have efficacy data for up to 24 weeks of treatment [3–6,19,25,26,31,42–44,47].”
BackgroundMethodOpen-Label Trial of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in Adults With ADHD
Johnson, M., Cederlund, M., Råstam, M., Areskoug, B., & Gillberg, C. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709332372 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“/Canadian open-label long-term (4 years) trial of atomoxetine treatment of ADHD in 384 adults (Adler et al., 2008; Adler, Spencer, Milton, Moore, & Michelson, 2005), a continuation therapy study for patients who had participated in two 10-week acute-treatment placebocontrolled studies and wanted to continue treatment…”
BackgroundSkliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05908-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“These challenges can significantly affect working ability, psychosocial function, and educational achievement [12, 13].”
BackgroundCurrent nonstimulant medications for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Brancati, G. E., Magnesa, A., Acierno, D., Carli, M., Rosa, U. D., Froli, A., Gemignani, S., Ventura, L., Weiss, F., & Perugi, G. (2024) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2024.2370346 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“No differences between patients treated with ATX or placebo for 6 months were found in quality of life, work productivity and driving behavior in another double-blind trial involving 410 patients [44].”
What Is a Clinically Relevant Improvement in Quality of Life in Adults With ADHD?
Tanaka, Y., Brod, M. I., Lane, J. R., & Upadhyaya, H. P. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715580395 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Challenges Related to Mental Health in the Workplace
Dewa, C. S., Corbière, M., Durand, M., & Hensel, J. M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4839-6_6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hareendran, A., Setyawan, J., Pokrzywinski, R. M., Steenrod, A. W., Madhoo, M., & Erder, M. H. (2015) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0302-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“inattention, overactivity and impulsivity [3, 4].”
Bruyckere, K. D., Bushe, C., Bartel, C., Berggren, L., Kan, C. C., & Dittmann, R. (2016) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0346-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Off-label use of atomoxetine in adults: is it safe?
Dadashova, R., & Silverstone, P. H. (2012) · Mental Illness · doi:10.4081/mi.2012.e19 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bushe, C., Sobanski, E., Coghill, D., Berggren, L., Bruyckere, K. D., & Leppämäki, S. (2016) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0323-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Atomoxetine is a non-stimulant noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor medication associated with improvements in ADHD symptom severity and functional outcomes [9, 12, 13].”
BackgroundSilverstone, P. H., & Dadashova, R. (2012) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-11-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In terms of adverse events, several large studies [56-62] have reported the following as the most commonly reported adverse events associated with the use of atomoxetine in adults as: dry mouth (16% to 55%), decreased appetite (12% to 50%), insomnia (17% to 35%), nervousness (35%), constipation (7% to 20%), erectile d…”
BackgroundHealth-related quality of life in adults with attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder
da Silva, M. A., Chaim, T. M., Cavallet, M., Serpa, M. H., Zanetti, M. V., Vieira, G. F., Busatto, G. F., & Louzã, M. R. (2014) · Medical Express · doi:10.5935/medicalexpress.2014.01.10 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Our findings are in agreement with such studies, confirming a multidimensional functional impairment linked to the diagnosis of ADHD.(23-26) There were no significant differences between genders in regard to QoL ratings in the ADHD group, suggesting that the presence of ADHD itself causes poorer QoL regardless of gend…”
ResultVaag, J., Lara-Cabrera, M., Hjemdal, O., Gjervan, B., & Torgersen, T. (2019) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-019-0401-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Drug Class Review: Pharmacologic Treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
McDonagh, M. S., & Peterson, K. (2011) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zimmerman, M. A., Gorlin, E. I., Dalrymple, K. L., & Chelminiski, I. (2017) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012371702900302 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Skliarova, T., Lara‐Cabrera, M. L., Hafstad, H., Havnen, A., Sæther, S. G., Salvesen, Ø. O., Vaag, J. R., & Torgersen, T. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06015-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“ADHD is also associated with functional impairments that affect work performance, psychosocial functioning [12, 13], educational functioning [1, 14] and quality of life [15].”
BackgroundWeinberg, H., Baruch, Y., Tzameret, H., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2023) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-023-06695-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Adults with ADHD usually experience problems engaging in everyday activities (Barkley 2012; Ek and Isaksson 2013), and are at a greater risk of lower socioeconomic and professional status, poorer academic achievements, antisocial behavior, and various parenting and relationship difficulties (Adler et al. 2008; Barkley…”
Lauder, K., McDowall, A., & Tenenbaum, H. R. (2024) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330241292984 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A pilot service for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a descriptive study
Edwin, F. (2011) · Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1108/20441281111165607 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Symptoms of ADHD in adults are associated with significant functional impairment and follow-up studies suggest treatment with medication significantly improves the quality of life ( Adler et al. , 2008”
BackgroundTockhorn‐Heidenreich, A., & Televantou, F. (2015) · Pharmacoeconomics open access · doi:10.4172/2472-1042.1000104 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Treatment effectiveness: A post-hoc analysis of response in the nine placebo-controlled trials of atomoxetine was conducted for the economic model [35-44].”
MethodJassy, J. S. (2009) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0070831 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Adults with ADHD, on a conceptual level, would be expected to have lower SES due to their functional impairment in the domains that comprise the SES construct: occupational and academic functioning (see, for example, Adler et al., 2008; Barkley et al., 2002; Wilens et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe use of nonstimulant drugs in the treatment of adult ADHD
Wim, J., Verbeeck, C., & Tuinier, S. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511780752.019
hyperactivity disorder Critical analysis of the concept of adult attention-deficit
Moncrieff, J., & Timimi, S. B. (2011)
Dadashova, R. (2011) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3xh8f
Alves, M. A. R., Ohata, A. P. A. R., Pochapski, M. T., Baldani, M. H., & Pedroso, B. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Qualidade de Vida · doi:10.3895/rbqv.v11n3.9895
Tockhorn‐Heidenreich, A., & Televantou, F. (2015) · Pharmacoeconomics open access · doi:10.4172/pe.1000104
Aréchiga-Santamaría, A., Montiel-Jarquín, Á. J., García-Galicia, A., Alonso-Torres, G., Loría-Castellanos, J., González-Martínez, M. A., & Bertado-Ramírez, N. R. (2023) · Anales Médicos de la Asociación Médica del Centro Médico ABC · doi:10.24875/amh.m23000023
Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu ile İlgili Her Şey
Aksu, G. G., Özbek, M. M., Aksu, H., Gökçen, C., Turğut, F. S., Tufan, A. E., Doğru, H., Dursun, O. B., Özdemir, E., Kılıçaslan, F., et al. (2022) · Akademisyen Kitabevi eBooks · doi:10.37609/akya.1366
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26074291
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26736981
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26736987
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26736984
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26074063
Nurkhametova, D., Yudina, E. V., Wei, Y., Abakumova, T. R., & Зиганшина, Л. Е. (2026) · International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine · doi:10.1177/09246479261461033
Leung, I. K. Y., Tong, A. C. Y., Ng, T. Y., Lo, M. H., Chen, H. L., & Chang, W. C. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.113503
- Authors
- Adler, L. A., Spencer, T. J., Levine, L. R., Ramsey, J. L., Tamura, R., Kelsey, D., Ball, S. G., Allen, A. J., & Biederman, J.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Adler, Lenard A.
- Venue
- Journal of Attention Disorders
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-05-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 720-727
- ISSN
- 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1246
- OpenAlex
- W2160892758
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, atomoxetine, functional outcome, labor productivity, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Double-Blind Method, Efficiency, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Treatment Outcome, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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