Long-Term Memory Performance in Adult ADHD: A Meta-Analysis

Skodzik, Timo; Holling, Heinz; Pedersen, Anya

doi:10.1177/1087054713510561

Cited by 120Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderCognitive Functions and MemoryDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

Long-Term Memory Performance in Adult ADHD: A Meta-Analysis

Skodzik, Timo, Holling, Heinz, Pedersen, Anya·2017·Journal of Attention Disorders

DOI 10.1177/1087054713510561

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective: Memory problems are a frequently reported symptom in adult ADHD, and it is well-documented that adults with ADHD perform poorly on long-term memory tests. However, the cause of this effect is still controversial. The present meta-analysis examined underlying mechanisms that may lead to long-term memory impairments in adult ADHD. Method: We performed separate meta-analyses of measures of memory acquisition and long-term memory using both verbal and visual memory tests. In addition, the influence of potential moderator variables was examined. Results: Adults with ADHD performed significantly worse than controls on verbal but not on visual long-term memory and memory acquisition subtests. The long-term memory deficit was strongly statistically related to the memory acquisition deficit. In contrast, no retrieval problems were observable. Conclusion: Our results suggest that memory deficits in adult ADHD reflect a learning deficit induced at the stage of encoding. Implications for clinical and research settings are presented.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/1087054713510561

Cites

89 of 89 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Long-term memory deficits in ADHD are often ascribed to deviant encoding rather than to problems during consolidation or retrieval.
“Children and adults suffering from ADHD are known to display long-term memory deficits [9,45] which are often ascribed to deviant encoding rather than to problems during consolidation or retrieval [6].”
From Transcranial oscillatory direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory consolidation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to a level comparable to healthy controls (2014) · cites this paper as [6]

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,588 · see citing works
The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,542 · see citing works
The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532 · see citing works
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
Conducting Meta-Analyses in <i>R</i> with the <b>metafor</b> Package
Viechtbauer, W. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03 · Cited by 20,464 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,767 · see citing works
Introduction to Meta‐Analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603 · see citing works
Working Memory
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60452-1 · Cited by 9,860 · see citing works
Introduction to Meta‐Analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2000) · Cited by 9,198 · see citing works
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, with respect to publication bias, we should keep in mind that the small number of included studies and the anticipated small effect led to a small Fail-safe N (cf. Rosenthal, 1979).”
Background
The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis
(2019) · doi:10.7758/9781610448864 · Cited by 4,553 · see citing works
The Prevalence and Correlates of Adult ADHD in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., Faraone, S. V., Greenhill, L. L., Howes, M. J., Secnik, K., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.716 · Cited by 3,886 · see citing works
Validity of the Executive Function Theory of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review
Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006 · Cited by 3,568 · see citing works
Executive functions and developmental psychopathology.
Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x · Cited by 3,150 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…of daily life (for a comprehensive overview, see Barkley et al., 2008) Because it is commonly agreed that ADHD is a disorder of a neuropsychological nature (e.g., Barkley, 1997; Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996), there is a large body of research on neuropsychological impairments in ADHD patients.”
BackgroundMethod
Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis
Viechtbauer, W., & Cheung, M. W.-L. (2010) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.11 · Cited by 2,949 · see citing works
Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised
Peter, H., Penzel, T., Peter, J. H., & Peter, J. G. (2025) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65186-5_302294 · Cited by 2,278 · see citing works
The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies
FARAONE, S. V., BIEDERMAN, J., & MICK, E. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170500471x · Cited by 2,267 · see citing works
Wechsler memory scale-revised
Reynolds, C. R., & Powel, J. (1988) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/3.4.397 · Cited by 2,115 · see citing works
Robust variance estimation in meta‐regression with dependent effect size estimates
Hedges, L. V., Tipton, E., & Johnson, M. C. (2010) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.5 · Cited by 2,086 · see citing works
Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type
Biederman, J. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.816 · Cited by 1,498 · see citing works
The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [published erratum appears in Am J Psychiatry 1993 Aug;150(8):1280]
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.6.885 · Cited by 1,421 · see citing works
Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Fayyad, J., De Graaf, R., Kessler, R., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Demyttenaere, K., De Girolamo, G., Haro, J. M., Karam, E. G., Lara, C., et al. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034389 · Cited by 1,321 · see citing works
General hospital psychiatry: the Italian experience.
Faraone, S. V., Sergeant, J. A., Gillberg, C., & Biederman, J. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,277 · see citing works
The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder.
Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.279 · Cited by 1,199 · see citing works
Estimation of a Single Effect Size: Parametric and Nonparametric Methods
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985) · Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-057065-5.50010-5 · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Learning and Memory: An Integrated Approach
Anderson, J. R. (1994) · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Neuropsychology of Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review.
Hervey, A. S., Epstein, J. N., & Curry, J. F. (2004) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.485 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
ADHD in adults: what the science says
Barkley, R., Murphy, K. R., & Fischer, M. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-5266 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Attention Deficit Disorder: A Review of the Past 10 Years
CANTWELL, D. P. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199608000-00008 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
The power of statistical tests in meta-analysis
Hedges, L. V., & Pigott, T. D. (2001) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.6.3.203 · Cited by 716 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Most likely, this has resulted in low statistical power given that only a small effect could have been anticipated (cf. Hedges & Pigott, 2001).”
Background
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: an overview
Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Spencer, T. J., Wilens, T., Seidman, L. J., Mick, E. O., & Doyle, A. E. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00889-1 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
The power of statistical tests for moderators in meta-analysis
Hedges, L. V., & Pigott, T. D. (2004) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.9.4.426 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD.
Barkley, R. A. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Executive functioning in adult ADHD: a meta-analytic review
MARIJE BOONSTRA, A., OOSTERLAAN, J., SERGEANT, J. A., & BUITELAAR, J. K. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170500499x · Cited by 560 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…& Miyamoto, 2000), sex- and age-related differences (e.g., Bleecker, Bolla-Wilson, Agnew, & Meyers, 1988), medication at the time of testing (Advokat, 2010), ADHD subtype (cf. Woods, Lovejoy, & Ball, 2002), or referral source (cf. Boonstra et al., 2005), might be expected to affect our results.”
Background
The measurement of differential deficit
Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1978) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(78)90034-1 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Across the Lifespan
Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., & Spencer, T. J. (2002) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.103945 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Neuropsychologic Theory and Findings in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The State of the Field and Salient Challenges for the Coming Decade
Nigg, J. T. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.011 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Stochastically dependent effect sizes.
Gleser, L. J., & Olkin, I. (1994) · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults
Wilens, T. E. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.5.619 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
International consensus statement on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behaviour disorders (DBDs): Clinical implications and treatment practice suggestions
Kutcher, S., Aman, M. G., Brooks, S. J., Buitelaar, J. K., van Daalen, E., Fegert, J. M., Findling, R. L., Fisman, S., Greenhill, L. L., Huß, M., et al. (2003) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(03)00045-2 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of empirical data
SCHOECHLIN, C., & ENGEL, R. (2005) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.04.005 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Neuropsychological function in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Weber, W. J., Hatch, M., & Faraone, S. V. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00392-2 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
ADHD in Adults: What the Science Says
Trevino, J. J. (2008) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.59.9.1070 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Characteristics of Adults with ADHD: A Comprehensive Review of Initial Studies
Woods, S. P., Lovejoy, D. W., & Ball, J. D. (2002) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1076/clin.16.1.12.8336 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
What are the cognitive effects of stimulant medications? Emphasis on adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Advokat, C. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.03.006 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Disturbed structural connectivity is related to inattention and impulsivity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Konrad, A., Dielentheis, T. F., El Masri, D., Bayerl, M., Fehr, C., Gesierich, T., Vucurevic, G., Stoeter, P., & Winterer, G. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07110.x · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Performance of Children with ADHD on Tests Sensitive to Frontal Lobe Dysfunction
LOGE, D. V., Staton, R. D., & Beatty, W. W. (1990) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199007000-00006 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Childhood Executive Function Continues to Predict Outcomes in Young Adult Females with and Without Childhood-Diagnosed ADHD
Miller, M., Nevado-Montenegro, A. J., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9599-y · Cited by 147 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Comparable with the results of the sensitivity analysis stated earlier, we found slightly altered effect sizes and heterogeneity values when the outcomes of Müller et al. (2007) were excluded from the analyses: d = −0.51, p < .001, and Q(22) = 49.71, p < .001, I(2) = 57.76%. 3. When excluding the outcome of Müller et…”
ResultInfluential
Neuropsychological performance deficits in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Johnson, D. E., Epstein, J. N., Waid, L. R., Latham, P. K., Voronin, K. E., & Anton, R. F. (2001) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(00)00070-6 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Intellectual functioning in adults with ADHD: a meta-analytic examination of full scale IQ differences between adults with and without ADHD
Bridgett, D. J., & Walker, M. E. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.1.1 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Are There Cognitive Subtypes in Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Gansler, D. A., Fucetola, R. P., Krengel, M., Stetson, S. R., Zimering, R. T., & MAKARY, C. (1998) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199812000-00006 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Comparative neuropsychology of adult obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: implications for a novel executive overload model of OCD
Abramovitch, A., Dar, R., Hermesh, H., & Schweiger, A. (2012) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/j.1748-6653.2011.02021.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Neuropsychological performance deficits in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Johnson, D. E., Epstein, J. N., Waid, L. R., et al. (2001) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/16.6.587 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
ADHD Prevalence in Adult Outpatients With Nonpsychotic Psychiatric Illnesses
Montes, L. G. A., García, A. O. H., & Ricardo-Garcell, J. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054707304428 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Supraspan verbal memory in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity normal and reading-disabled boys
Douglas, V. I., & Benezra, E. (1990) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf01342751 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Executive functioning in high-IQ adults with ADHD
Antshel, K. M., Faraone, S. V., Maglione, K., Doyle, A. E., Fried, R. S., Seidman, L. J., & Biederman, J. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709992273 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Speed of processing and verbal learning deficits in adults diagnosed with attention deficit disorder.
Holdnack, J. A., Moberg, P. J., Arnold, S. E., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (1995) · Neuropsychiatry, neuropsychology, and behavioral neurology · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Deficits in Long-Term Memory Are Not Characteristic of ADHD
Kaplan, B. J., Dewey, D., Crawford, S. G., & Fisher, G. C. (1998) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.20.4.518.1477 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: manifestation in adulthood
Riccio, C. A., WOLFE, M., DAVIS, B., Romine, C. B., George, C., & Lee, D. (2004) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.07.005 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2000) · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Neuropsychological correlates of methylphenidate treatment in adult ADHD with and without depression
Riordan, H. J., Flashman, L. A., Saykin, A. J., Frutiger, S. A., Carroll, K. E., & Huey, L. (1999) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/14.2.217 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Correlates of Methylphenidate Treatment in Adult ADHD With and Without Depression
Riordan, H., Flashman, L. A., Saykin, A. J., Frutiger, S. A., Carroll, K. E., & Huey, L. (1999) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(98)00015-8 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Decline in Early-Onset Schizophrenia Compared With ADHD and Normal Controls: Evidence From a 13-Year Follow-up Study
Øie, M., Sundet, K. S., & Rund, B. R. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn127 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
ADHD and retrieval-induced forgetting: Evidence for a deficit in the inhibitory control of memory
Storm, B. C., & White, H. A. (2010) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210903547884 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Evidence for unexpected weaknesses in learning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder without reading disabilities
Cutting, L. E., Koth, C. W., Mahone, E. M., & Denckla, M. B. (2003) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221940303600305 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Neuropsychological assessment of adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Müller, B. W., Gimbel, K., Keller-Pließnig, A., Sartory, G., Gastpar, M., & Davids, E. (2007) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0688-9 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
ARCHIVES DE PSYCHOLOGIE
(1905) · Mind · doi:10.1093/mind/xiv.4.572-a · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Neuropsychological functioning in adult bipolar disorder and ADHD patients: a comparative study.
Torralva, T., Gleichgerrcht, E., Torrente, F., Roca, M., Strejilevich, S., Cetkovich, M., Lischinsky, A., & Manes, F. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.007 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Wechsler memory scale-revised and california verbal learning test: Convergence and divergence
Delis, D. C., Cullum, C. M., Butters, N., et al. (1988) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854048808520100 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Do Low-Effort Learning Strategies Mediate Impaired Memory in ADHD?
Egeland, J., Johansen, S. N., & Ueland, T. (2010) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219409355473 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Measures which Discriminate Among Adults with Residual Symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorder and Other Attentional Complaints
Jenkins, M., Cohen, R., Malloy, P., Salloway, S., GILLARD, E. T., Penn, J. V., & Marcotte, A. C. (1998) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1076/clin.12.1.74.1725 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Contribution of Organizational Strategy to Verbal Learning and Memory in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
Roth, R. M., Wishart, H. A., Flashman, L. A., Riordan, H., Huey, L. Y., & Saykin, A. J. (2004) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.1.78 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Utility of Neuropsychological Tests in Evaluation of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) versus Depression in Adults
Katz, L. J., Wood, D. S., Goldstein, G., Auchenbach, R. C., & Geckle, M. (1998) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/107319119800500107 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Identified by Neuropsychological Testing
Dige, N., & Wik, G. (2005) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207450590519058 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Differential Diagnosis
Henrikson, E. W. (2000) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.51.7.941 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Screening for postpartum depression: A methodological note
Whiffen, V. E. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198805)44:3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Retrieval Processes in Adults With ADHD: A RAVLT Study
Pollak, Y., Kahana-Vax, G., & Hoofien, D. (2007) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640701729789 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Comparative efficiency of a discrepancy analysis for the classification of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in adults
Woods, S. P., Lovejoy, D. W., Stutts, M. L., Ball, J. D., & Fals-Stewart, W. S. (2002) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/17.4.351 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Rates of forgetting in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Cahn, D. A., & Marcotte, A. C. (1995) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049508402247 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Updating memory in list-method directed forgetting: Individual differences related to Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
White, H. A., & Marks, W. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Does ADHD in Adults Affect the Relative Accuracy of Metamemory Judgments?
Knouse, L. E., Paradise, M. J., & Dunlosky, J. T. (2006) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054706288116 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Salience of Visuospatial and Organizational Skills in Reproducing the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure in Subjects with High and Low IQs
Fujii, D. E. M., Lloyd, H. A., & Miyamoto, K. (2000) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1076/clin.14.4.551.7206 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cognitive Complaints and Neuropsychological Functioning in Adults With and Without Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Referred for Multidisciplinary Assessment
de Braek, D. M. J. M. S.-I., Dijkstra, J. B., & Jolles, J. (2011) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09084282.2011.570614 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Reduced Capacity in a Dichotic Memory Test for Adult Patients With ADHD
Dige, N., Maahr, E., & Backenroth, G. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709347245 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Visual Learning and Memory Test for Preoperative Evaluation of Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Dige, N., & Wik, G. (2001) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207450108994228 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Examination of psychosocial and neuropsychological characteristics of young adults with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Fox, L. (2008) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The C factor: cognitive dysfunction as a transdiagnostic dimension in psychopathology
Abramovitch, A., Short, T., & Schweiger, A. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102007 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Transcranial oscillatory direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory consolidation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to a level comparable to healthy controls
Prehn-Kristensen, A., Munz, M., Göder, R., Wilhelm, I., Korr, K., Vahl, W., Wiesner, C. D., & Baving, L. (2014) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2014.07.036 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Diagnosing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in young adults: A qualitative review of the utility of assessment measures and recommendations for improving the diagnostic process
Marshall, P., Hoelzle, J., & Nikolas, M. (2021) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2019.1696409 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Transcranial direct current stimulation improves short-term memory in an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Leffa, D. T., de Souza, A., Scarabelot, V. L., Medeiros, L. F., de Oliveira, C., Grevet, E. H., Caumo, W., de Souza, D. O., Rohde, L. A. P., & Torres, I. L. S. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.11.012 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Performance Patterns of Adult ADHD Subtypes
LeRoy, A., Jacova, C., & Young, C. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718773927 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Being different but striving to seem normal: The lived experiences of people aged 50+ with ADHD
Nyström, A., Petersson, K., & Janlöv, A.-C. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2019.1695029 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A Narrative Review of Outcomes, Comorbidities, and Alternative Behavioral Interventions in Adolescent and Adult Women with ADHD
Baby, M., Priya, V., Pallavi, J., Karthik Chand, B., Srinivasan, L., Rana, S., Tawil, S., Haque, S., Ghosh, P., Bhattacharya, P., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s511297 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Verbal Dominant Memory Impairment and Low Risk for Post-operative Memory Worsening in Both Left and Right Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Associated with Hippocampal Sclerosis
Khalil, A. F., Iwasaki, M., Nishio, Y., et al. (2016) · Neurologia medico-chirurgica · doi:10.2176/nmc.oa.2016-0004 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mood-congruent memory in depression: Emotional priming or elaboration?
Watkins, P. C., Mathews, A., Williamson, D. A., & Fuller, R. D. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.101.3.581 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Recollective performance advantages for implicit memory tasks
Sheldon, S., & Moscovitch, M. (2010) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2010.499876 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The memory enhancement effect of emotion is absent in conceptual implicit memory.
Ramponi, C., Handelsman, G., & Barnard, P. J. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018491 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Papers to Appear in Forthcoming Issues
(1999) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(99)91128-4

Authors: Skodzik, T., Holling, H., & Pedersen, A.
Affiliations: University of Münster (DE)
Corresponding author: Skodzik, Timo
ORCID: Holling, Heinz
Pedersen, Anya
Venue: Journal of Attention Disorders
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2016-07-28
Volume: 21
Issue: 4
Pages: 267-283
ISSN: 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
1557-1246
DOI: 10.1177/1087054713510561
OpenAlex: W2008845997
Cited by: 120
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 2.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords: adult ADHD, long-term memory, memory acquisition, verbal memory, visual memory, memory encoding, learning deficits, memory retrieval
MeSH terms: Self-Control, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Female, Humans, Male, Memory Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Executive Function, Memory, Long-Term

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Long-Term Memory Performance in Adult ADHD: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks