What are the cognitive effects of stimulant medications? Emphasis on adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Advokat, Claire

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.03.006

Cited by 219Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderNeuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical InnovationsNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

What are the cognitive effects of stimulant medications? Emphasis on adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Advokat, Claire·2010·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.03.006

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Abstract

The relevant literature concerning cognitive effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate, was reviewed, with an emphasis on research conducted in adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. As first-line treatment for ADHD, stimulant drugs are well-known to improve attention and concentration. Yet, there is increasing evidence that (as with children and adolescents), they do not promote learning and academic achievement in adult college students with ADHD. A review of neuropsychological studies indicates that, although response latencies are reduced, performance of ADHD adults on tests of 'distractibility' and 'planning' is also not consistently improved by stimulants. Studies in non-ADHD adults suggest that stimulants do not promote acquisition of new information, might improve retention of previously acquired information, and facilitate memory consolidation, but may actually impair performance of tasks that require adaptation, flexibility and planning. It is still not clear if improvement only occurs when there is a baseline deficit. Stimulants may influence cognition by their effects on physiological arousal. Regardless, the evidence does not support the conclusion that stimulants are cognitive 'enhancers.'

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The results support observations that in adult ADHD, stimulants produce little improvement on a variety of neuropsychological tasks.
“Mechanisms linking pharmacological actions of stimulants to neuropsychological processes are speculative, although our results support observations that, in adult ADHD, stimulants seem to produce little improvement on a variety of neuropsychological tasks (Advokat, 2010; Turner et al., 2005).”
From Cognitive heterogeneity in adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic analysis of neuropsychological measurements (2015) · cites this paper as Advokat, 2010

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) stimulant medications as cognitive enhancers
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Self-citation
What Exactly Are the Benefits of Stimulants for ADHD?
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Self-citation
Do the stimulant medications improve neuropsychological performance of college students with ADHD?
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Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress
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Authors: Advokat, C.
Affiliations: Louisiana State University (US)
Corresponding author: Advokat, Claire
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-07
Volume: 34
Issue: 8
Pages: 1256-1266
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.03.006
OpenAlex: W1984122101
Cited by: 219
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 2.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: stimulant medication, amphetamine, methylphenidate, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, adult ADHD, cognitive effects, academic performance, distractibility, planning, memory consolidation, cognitive flexibility, response latency, physiological arousal, cognitive enhancement
MeSH terms: Achievement, Adult, Amphetamine, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Methylphenidate, Neuropsychological Tests

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What are the cognitive effects of stimulant medications? Emphasis on adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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