Cited by 1,102Public Health Policies and EducationBehavioral Health and InterventionsHealth Policy Implementation Science

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Intervention Mapping: A Process for Developing Theory and Evidence-Based Health Education Programs

Bartholomew, L. Kay, Parcel, Guy S., Kok, Gerjo·1998·Health Education & Behavior

DOI 10.1177/109019819802500502

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Abstract

The practice of health education involves three major program-planning activities: needs assessment, program development, and evaluation. Over the past 20 years, significant enhancements have been made to the conceptual base and practice of health education. Models that outline explicit procedures and detailed conceptualization of community assessment and evaluation have been developed. Other advancements include the application of theory to health education and promotion program development and implementation. However, there remains a need for more explicit specification of the processes by which one uses theory and empirical findings to develop interventions. This article presents the origins, purpose, and description of Intervention Mapping, a framework for health education intervention development. Intervention Mapping is composed of five steps: (1) creating a matrix of proximal program objectives, (2) selecting theory-based intervention methods and practical strategies, (3) designing and organizing a program, (4) specifying adoption and implementation plans, and (5) generating program evaluation plans.

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Self-citation
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BackgroundMethod
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Self-citation
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Background
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Haighton, C., Newbury‐Birch, D., Durlik, C., Sallis, A., Chadborn, T., Porter, L., Harling, M., & Rodrigues, A. (2021) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001100 · Cited by 33
Program Development for Enhancing Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among Persons Living with HIV
Côté, J., Godin, G., Ramirez-Garcìa, P., Gagnon, M., & Rouleau, G. (2008) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2008.0124 · Cited by 32
Using the Medical Research Council Framework for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions in a Theory-Based Infant Feeding Intervention to Prevent Childhood Obesity: The Baby Milk Intervention and Trial
Lakshman, R., Griffin, S. J., Hardeman, W., Schiff, A., Kinmonth, A. L., & Ong, K. K. (2014) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2014/646504 · Cited by 33
“These include Intervention Mapping [4, 5], RE-AIM (reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation and maintenance) [6, 7], Precede-Proceed [8], Hindawi Publishing Corporation”
Method
Preventing childhood obesity in early care and education settings: lessons from two intervention studies
Neelon, S. E. B., Østbye, T., Hales, D. P., Vaughn, A., & Ward, D. S. (2016) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12329 · Cited by 32
“The Intervention Mapping (IM) (Bartholomew et al. 1998) approach also helps ensure consistent application of the theories.”
Method
National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education
Mensing, C. R., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Weinger, K., Mulcahy, K., Barta, P., Hosey, G. M., Kopher, W., Lasichak, A., Lamb, B., et al. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.2007.s149 · Cited by 32
“Evaluation is planned as an essential step in the provision of quality DSME to determine if DSME goals and objectives are met (157).”
Effective prevention programs for tobacco use
Pentz, M. A. (1999) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622299050011891 · Cited by 32
Changing Behavior Using the Transtheoretical Model
DiClemente, C. C., & Graydon, M. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.010 · Cited by 35
Curtailing Tobacco Use Among Youth: Evaluation of Project 4-Health
D’Onofrio, C. N., Moskowitz, J. M., & Braverman, M. T. (2002) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/109019802237937 · Cited by 31
UNderstanding uptake of Immunisations in TravellIng aNd Gypsy communities (UNITING): a qualitative interview study
Jackson, C., Dyson, L., Bedford, H. E., Cheater, F., Condon, L., Crocker, A., Emslie, C., Ireland, L., Kemsley, P., Kerr, S., et al. (2016) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta20720 · Cited by 29
A web-based self-management programme for people with type 2 diabetes: the HeLP-Diabetes research programme including RCT
Murray, E., Ross, J., Pal, K., Li, J., Dack, C., Stevenson, F. A., Sweeting, M. J., Parrott, S., Barnard, M., Yardley, L., et al. (2018) · Programme Grants for Applied Research · doi:10.3310/pgfar06050 · Cited by 33
“Rationale for study objectives Establishing user requirements for any proposed intervention is a necessary first step.(87) We conceptualised these requirements as ‘wants and needs’, for which ‘wants’ are features that users actively desire and would make them want to use the intervention and ‘needs’ are features that…”
Background
Supporting antidepressant discontinuation: the development and optimisation of a digital intervention for patients in UK primary care using a theory, evidence and person-based approach
Bowers, H. M., Kendrick, T., Głowacka, M., Williams, S. J., Leydon, G., May, C. R., Dowrick, C. F., Moncrieff, J., Laine, R., Nestoriuc, Y., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032312 · Cited by 33
Expanding our understanding and use of the ecological systems theory model for the prevention of maternal obesity: A new socioecological framework
Hill, B. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13147 · Cited by 35
“community involvement (also known as patient and public involvement),(49) participatory research,(50) codesign methods(50) and intervention design methods such as intervention mapping.(51) These approaches, which could collectively be termed ‘stakeholder partnership’, have similar fundamental themes that ensure the co…”
Background
Public health nutrition practice in Canada: a situational assessment
Fox, A. L., Chenhall, C., Traynor, M., et al. (2008) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980007001516 · Cited by 31
Development and test—retest reliability of a research instrument designed to evaluate school-based HIV/AIDS interventions in South Africa and Tanzania
Mukoma, W., Flisher, A. J., Helleve, A., et al. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494809103995 · Cited by 31
A qualitative evaluation of owner and worker health and safety beliefs in small auto collision repair shops
Parker, D. L., Bejan, A., & Brosseau, L. M. (2012) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.22027 · Cited by 31
Agreement Between Patients With Schizophrenia and Providers on Factors of Antipsychotic Medication Adherence
Pyne, J. M., McSweeney, J. C., Kane, H. S., Harvey, S., Bragg, L., & Fischer, E. P. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2006.57.8.1170 · Cited by 31
Acyclic behavior change diagrams: a tool to report and analyze interventions
Metz, G., Peters, G.-J., & Crutzen, R. (2022) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2022.2149930 · Cited by 30
“…often instead concerns higher level behavior change principles (BCPs), termed ‘manipulations’ in experimental psychology, and ‘behavior change methods’ (Bartholomew et al., 1998; Kok et al., 2016) or ‘behavior change techniques’ (Abraham & Michie, 2008; Michie et al., 2013) in health psychology.”
Background
Operationalizing a model to quantify implementation of a multi-component intervention in a stepped-wedge trial
Ferm, L., Rasmussen, C. D. N., & Jørgensen, M. B. (2018) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-018-0720-2 · Cited by 30
“The intervention was built on a comprehensive theoretical framework of both effectiveness and implementation in the development and planning of the intervention [17] and used a participatory approach that involved all levels of the organization (management, supervisor, workers).”
Method
Changing Behavior Using the Health Belief Model and Protection Motivation Theory
Orbell, S., Zahid, H., & Henderson, C. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.004 · Cited by 35
Developing a complex intervention to support pregnant women with mild to moderate anxiety: application of the Medical Research Council framework
Evans, K., Spiby, H., & Morrell, C. J. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03469-8 · Cited by 32
Cost-effectiveness of a participatory return-to-work intervention for temporary agency workers and unemployed workers sick-listed due to musculoskeletal disorders: design of a randomised controlled trial
Vermeulen, S. J., Anema, J. R., Schellart, A. J., van Mechelen, W., & van der Beek, A. J. (2010) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-11-60 · Cited by 29
“Intervention Mapping (IM) [26-28] was used to specifically tailor the new RTW program taking into account the target group, the users and the context in which the RTW program is implemented.”
Method
A Community-Based, Focused-Deterrence Approach to Closing Overt Drug Markets: A Process and Fidelity Evaluation of Seven Sites
Saunders, J. M., Ober, A. J., Kilmer, B., & Greathouse, S. (2016) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr1001 · Cited by 36
How needs and preferences of employees influence participation in health promotion programs: a six-month follow-up study
van Rongen, A., Robroek, S. J., van Ginkel, W., Lindeboom, D., Pet, M., & Alex Burdorf, A. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1277 · Cited by 33
“Frameworks like the ‘intervention mapping’ protocol [19] and ‘precede-proceed’ model [20] emphasize the importance of a needs assessment for developing health promotion programs (HPPs) that are attractive and address the needs and preferences of the target population.”
Background
Breast cancer specialists' perspective on their role in their patients' return to work: A qualitative study
Lamort‐Bouché, M., Péron, J., Broc, G., Kochan, A., Jordan, C., Letrilliart, L., Fervers, B., Fassier, J., & FASTRACS Group (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3847 · Cited by 29
“This qualitative study is part of the FASTRACS program conducted in France, which aims to develop a multi-component intervention to facilitate and sustain RTW after BC, following the six steps of the intervention mapping (IM) protocol (29, 30).”
Method
Workplace Safety and Health Programs, Practices, and Conditions in Auto Collision Repair Businesses
Brosseau, L. M., Bejan, A., Parker, D. L., et al. (2013) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459624.2013.866714 · Cited by 29
“1) Severity Category Critical 84 (12) 90∗ (9.”
BackgroundInfluential
Musculoskeletal neck-shoulder pain: a new ambulant myofeedback intervention approach
Voerman, G. E. (2007) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036524605 · Cited by 29
Supporting the requirement analysis phase for the development of serious games for children
Troyer, O. D., & Janssens, E. (2014) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2014.05.001 · Cited by 28
Development and content of a group-based intervention to improve medication adherence in non-adherent patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Zwikker, H. E., van den Bemt, B. J. F., van den Ende, C. H. M., van Lankveld, W., den Broeder, A. A., van den Hoogen, F. H. J., van de Mosselaar, B., & van Dulmen, S. (2012) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2012.07.007 · Cited by 28
“In line with other authors [15] and ([18]), we believe that the IM framework can improve intervention development.”
MethodResult
Using Intervention Mapping to develop the Parents as Agents of Change (PAC©) intervention for managing pediatric obesity
Ball, G. D. C., Mushquash, A. R., Keaschuk, R. A., Ambler, K. A., & Newton, A. S. (2017) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2361-3 · Cited by 31
“Methods and results The PAC intervention was developed and implemented using strategies consistent with Intervention Mapping (IM) [23] (Fig.”
Method
Changing Behavior by Changing Environments
Marteau, T. M., Fletcher, P. C., Hollands, G. J., & Munafo, M. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.014 · Cited by 32
Implementation of Online Suicide-Specific Training for VA Providers
Marshall, E. A., York, J., Magruder, K. M., Yeager, D. E., Knapp, R. G., Santis, M. L. D., Burriss, L., Mauldin, M., Sulkowski, S., Pope, C. A., et al. (2014) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-014-0039-5 · Cited by 28
“A systematic process, such as interventionmapping, can structure elearning development of health education [31, 41, 42].”
What support is needed to self-manage a rheumatic disorder: a qualitative study
Been-Dahmen, J., Walter, M. J. M., Dwarswaard, J., Hazes, J. M. W., van Staa, A., & Ista, E. (2017) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1440-5 · Cited by 28
“This study is part of an intervention mapping process [21] that is expected to lead to the development of a nurse-led self-management intervention that fits patients’ needs and preferences for support.”
Background
Targeting hardcore smokers: The effects of an online tailored intervention, based on motivational interviewing techniques
Bommelé, J., Schoenmakers, T. M., Kleinjan, M., Peters, G.-J., Dijkstra, A., & van de Mheen, D. (2017) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12256 · Cited by 28
Empowering the health of retired professional footballers: the systematic development of an After Career Consultation and its feasibility
Gouttebarge, V., Goedhart, E. A., & Kerkhoffs, G. M. M. J. (2018) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000466 · Cited by 28
Targeted prevention for people with HIV/AIDS: feasible and desirable?
Kok, G. (1999) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/s0738-3991(98)00141-4 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
Social and behavioral interventions to increase breast cancer screening.
Rimer, B. K., Meissner, H. I., Breen, N., Legler, J. M., & Coyne, C. A. (2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10388-009 · Cited by 28
Adoption of workplaces and reach of employees for a multi-faceted intervention targeting low back pain among nurses’ aides
Rasmussen, C. D. N., Larsen, A. K., Holtermann, A., Søgaard, K., & Jørgensen, M. B. (2014) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-14-60 · Cited by 27
“the use of intervention mapping [15] in developing and planning of the intervention and the use of a participatory approach.”
Method
Development of a self-management program for employees with complaints of the arm, neck, and/or shoulder: an intervention mapping approach
Hutting, N., Detaille, S. I., Engels, J. A., Heerkens, Y. F., Staal, J. B., & der Sanden, M. W. G. N. (2015) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s82809 · Cited by 27
“In the present study, the intervention mapping (IM) protocol 20,21 was used to adapt an existing self-management program 9,14,15 and to develop an eHealth component.”
Development of a lifestyle intervention using the MRC framework for diabetes prevention in people with impaired glucose regulation
Troughton, J., Chatterjee, S., Hill, S., Daly, H., Martin-Stacey, L., Stone, M. A., Patel, N., Khunti, K. K., Yates, T. E., Gray, L. J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdv110 · Cited by 27
Collaborative modeling of an implementation strategy: a case study to integrate health promotion in primary and community care
on behalf of the PVS group, Gonzalo Grandes, O., Sánchez, Á., Cortada, J. M., Pombo, H., Martinez, C., Balagué, L., Corrales, M. H., de la Peña, E., Mugica, J., et al. (2017) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-017-3040-8 · Cited by 28
“Intervention mapping was used as a guide to schedule structured discussion/consensus meetings and the Institute of Medicine Plan-Do-Study-Act improvement cycles were carried out [44, 45].”
Method

Authors: Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., & Kok, G.
Affiliations: The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
Maastricht University (NL)
Corresponding author: Bartholomew, L. Kay
ORCID: Bartholomew, L. Kay
Kok, Gerjo
Venue: Health Education & Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1998-10
Volume: 25
Issue: 5
Pages: 545-563
ISSN: 1090-1981 (ISSN-L)
1552-6127
DOI: 10.1177/109019819802500502
OpenAlex: W1986321933
Cited by: 1,102
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 52 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 25.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Health Education & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Public Health Policies and Education
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Keywords: intervention mapping, health education program development, theory-based intervention design, program planning, needs assessment, program evaluation planning, health promotion
MeSH terms: Decision Support Techniques, Forecasting, Health Education, Health Plan Implementation, Health Planning Guidelines, Humans

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Intervention Mapping: A Process for Developing Theory and Evidence-Based Health Education Programs

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