Cited by 1,102Public Health Policies and EducationBehavioral Health and InterventionsHealth Policy Implementation Science

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Intervention Mapping: A Process for Developing Theory and Evidence-Based Health Education Programs

Bartholomew, L. Kay, Parcel, Guy S., Kok, Gerjo·1998·Health Education & Behavior

DOI 10.1177/109019819802500502

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Abstract

The practice of health education involves three major program-planning activities: needs assessment, program development, and evaluation. Over the past 20 years, significant enhancements have been made to the conceptual base and practice of health education. Models that outline explicit procedures and detailed conceptualization of community assessment and evaluation have been developed. Other advancements include the application of theory to health education and promotion program development and implementation. However, there remains a need for more explicit specification of the processes by which one uses theory and empirical findings to develop interventions. This article presents the origins, purpose, and description of Intervention Mapping, a framework for health education intervention development. Intervention Mapping is composed of five steps: (1) creating a matrix of proximal program objectives, (2) selecting theory-based intervention methods and practical strategies, (3) designing and organizing a program, (4) specifying adoption and implementation plans, and (5) generating program evaluation plans.

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Adoption and implementation of smoking cessation support in health care
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Challenging relationships : Staff interactions in supporting persons with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour
Willems, A. P. A. M. (2016) · Research portal (Tilburg University) · Cited by 3
Selection of Strategies for Improving Patient Care
Grol, R. P. T. M., & Wensing, M. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119488620.ch10 · Cited by 3
Promoting the Practice of Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Philosophic Scoping ReviewPreprint
Amoo, T. B., & Lucas, R. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1129501/v1 · Cited by 3
Individual peer counselling for exclusive breastfeeding in Uganda
Nankunda, J. (2012) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 3
Process Evaluations of Interventions for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review
Sa’id, I. I. M., Hotung, N., Benton, M., Nadal, I. P., Baharom, A., Prina, M. A., Yusof, B. N. M., Goldsmith, K., Birts, S., Ching, S. M., et al. (2024) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/51718 · Cited by 2
Assessing and Enhancing Nutrition and Physical Activity Environments in Early Childhood Education and Care Centers: Scoping Review of eHealth Tools
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“It serves as a blueprint for the study, structuring and guiding the intervention planning process, and also helps in understanding the factors that might influence behavior change and need to be targeted [96,97].”
Development of a health promoting sports clubs intervention: An intervention mapping process analysis
Hoye, A. V., Johnson, S., Rostan, F., Lemonnier, F., Tézier, B., Geidne, S., Donaldson, A., & Vuillemin, A. (2025) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2025.102640 · Cited by 2
Education of First Nations Australians about cancer—what evidence is there around its effectiveness? A narrative review
Crook, C. R., Sandell, T., Taylor, E. V., & Thompson, S. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2025.101552 · Cited by 2
Promoting Physical Activity and Preventing Falls Among Older Adults in a Nursing Home Setting: Protocol for Development and Implementation of the BeSt Age Mobile App
Krell‐Roesch, J., Diener, J., Krafft, J., Rayling, S., Wöll, A., & Wunsch, K. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/74174 · Cited by 2
“Based on an intervention-mapping approach [52], a needs assessment was performed, followed by defining objectives, theory-based methods, program development, implementation, and evaluation.”
Scoping review of early mobility in the intensive care unit following cardiac surgery
Hyde, E. K., Hay, J. L., Monnin, C., Gregora, A., Smith, K., Shaski, C., Bozek, G., Gilchrist, S., Fagan, A., Ashe, M. C., et al. (2025) · Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.accpm.2025.101603 · Cited by 2
Optimising 24-Hour movement behaviours in preschoolers through parenting practices: an evidence-based intervention study
Decraene, M., Miatke, A., Dumuid, D., Cardon, G., Verloigne, M., Bruyne, R. D., Verbestel, V., & Craemer, M. D. (2025) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-025-01863-z · Cited by 5
“The Intervention Mapping Protocol (IMP) was used throughout the co-creational process to provide theory-and evidence-based guidance for the development of the intervention [37, 38].”
Implementing in hospital technology‐assisted mobility initiatives: A scoping review
Mathura, P. V., Wenzel, A. R. J., Dennett, L., & Kassam, N. (2026) · Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.1002/jhm.70262 · Cited by 2
“46 T e c hn o l o g y c o d i n g : A PP , a pp l i c a t i o n f o r i n ‐ b e d c o n d i t i o n i n g e x e r c i s e s ; G A M E , v i r t u a l r e a l i t y a n d / o r e x e r g a m e s ( e . g .”
Acceptability and Feasibility of an Educational Intervention to Improve Researcher–Participant Interactions in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Clinical Trial: Research Team Feedback on the BRIEF Intervention
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“The online module included two videos produced by the BRIEF team, in collaboration with the Seattle Children ’ s Marketing and Communications team, showing shortdidacticpresentations, NICUparentinterviews, andexample skits illustrating speci ﬁ c skills.”
Changing Behavior Using Control Theory
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Application of an Implementation Framework Using Mixed Methods in Preschool Settings
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“The COWP PSE Change Process is an adaptation of Intervention Mapping (Bartholomew et al., 1998) and is aligned with community-based participatory research principles (Belansky et al., 2011).”
La promoción de comportamientos saludables desde los centros educativos. Ejemplos de proyectos de intervención eficaces
Física), G. D. I. E. (. F. Y. P. D. L. A., & Abarca-Sos, A. (2022) · Universidad de Zaragoza eBooks · doi:10.26754/uz.978-84-18321-37-5 · Cited by 3
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“The Step One program was developed using an intervention mapping approach (Bartholomew et al., 1998; Bartholomew Eldredge et al. 2016).”
Method
From theory to practice in implementation science: qualitative insights from the implementation model developed by a commercial eMental Health provider
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“This viewpoint is line with a participatory approach, that is common in eHealth and intervention development [12, 33, 34], but that could be further exploited and based on the findings of the pre-sent study beneficial to a better application of implementation frameworks.”
Background
Cross-Site Evaluation of Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention Implementation Programs in Healthcare Systems Serving Individuals of Reproductive Age
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“27”
Protocol for COACH, an evidence-based intervention for improved head impact safety in youth American football developed using a community-engaged approach
Urban, J. E., Moore, J. B., Marks, M. E., Holcomb, T. D., Patterson, R., McCoy, A., Miles, C. M., Stitzel, J. D., & Foley, K. L. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2024.101371 · Cited by 2
“In the subsequent meetings, we conducted Intervention Mapping to define, develop, refine, and select a strategy to test for reducing head impact exposure in practices [56].”
Method
Parent-implemented early intervention design for improving speech and language skills among Mandarin-speaking infants and toddlers with cleft lip and/or palate
Lai, S., Lu, L., Zhou, Z., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1458452 · Cited by 2
Development of a Digital Parent Intervention to Promote Healthy Eating and Activity in Preschoolers: The eHEROs Study
Bellows, L. L., Oke, S., Reyes, L. I., Carmona, B. A., & Johnson, S. L. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2025.01.008 · Cited by 2
Sociodemographic Differences in Logins and Engagement With the Electronic Health Coach Messaging Feature of a Mobile App to Support Opioid and Stimulant Use Recovery: Results From a 1-Month Observational Study
Filiatreau, L. M., Szlyk, H. S., Ramsey, A. T., Kasson, E. M., Li, X., Zhang, Z., & Cavazos‐Rehg, P. A. (2025) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/54753 · Cited by 2
“User co-design (eg, human-centered design methods and other methods for incorporating end-users in app development) [43-46] has shown promise as a method for improving engagement in substance-use recovery apps across a range of settings.”
Improving Delivery of Research-Supported Practices in Human Service Organizations: A Narrative Review of Organizational Dimensions in Dissemination and Implementation
Park, S., Bakko, M., & Pinto, R. M. (2025) · Human Services Organizations Management Leadership & Governance · doi:10.1080/23303131.2025.2471533 · Cited by 3
“…did not discuss organizational structural and material resources tend to be specialized models focusing on one or two other organizational dimensions (e.g., Intervention Mapping on alignment, Network Administration Framework on external environments) (Bartholomew et al., 1998; Provan et al., 2013).”
Adapting and applying intervention mapping to integrate medical-legal partnership into organizations providing HIV care: an implementation methodology study
Muñoz‐Laboy, M., French, A., Davison, R., Morton, S. J., Arnold, E. A., Rudolph, A. E., Jones, R. M., Fernandez, M. I., & Martínez, O. (2025) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2025.1435663 · Cited by 3
Shared decision-making in general practice: Development of a complex health care intervention targeting multiple long-term conditions
Butterworth, J. E., Campbell, J. L., Pitchforth, E., & Richards, S. H. (2026) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2026.109640 · Cited by 2
Development of BreeZe: a self-management support intervention for burn survivors informed by evidence, theory, and stakeholder co-creation
Geelen, S. J. G., Blok, S. L., Niemeijer, A. S., Bijker, G. C., Visser, I., Bron, R., van der Sluis, C. K., Massey, E. K., van Uden, D., Verwilligen, R. A. F., et al. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-13849-5 · Cited by 2
“To support the articulation of the program theory, the IDG drew on the matrices of change objectives established by the original development team of the ZENN intervention and remained aligned with the principles of the Intervention Mapping (IM) approach [55].”
Trends and Challenges in Intervention Research Methods
Oldenburg, B. F., & Brodie, A. M. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-29457-5_20 · Cited by 2
“As an alternative to logic modeling, intervention mapping provides a framework for applying theory to the development of community interventions and has been used extensively in many different areas of health promotion around the world ( Bartholomew, Parcel, & Kok, 1998 ).”
Method
Behavior Change in Community Contexts
Trickett, E. J., & Paterson, S. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.028 · Cited by 2
Refining the Blunt Instruments of Cybersecurity: A Framework to Coordinate Prevention and Preservation of Behaviours
Parkin, S. E., & Chua, Y. T. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-79318-0_2 · Cited by 2
Assessment for and Evaluation of Healthy Settings
Rice, M. E. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95856-5_4 · Cited by 2

Authors: Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., & Kok, G.
Affiliations: The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
Maastricht University (NL)
Corresponding author: Bartholomew, L. Kay
ORCID: Bartholomew, L. Kay
Kok, Gerjo
Venue: Health Education & Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1998-10
Volume: 25
Issue: 5
Pages: 545-563
ISSN: 1090-1981 (ISSN-L)
1552-6127
DOI: 10.1177/109019819802500502
OpenAlex: W1986321933
Cited by: 1,102
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 52 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 25.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Health Education & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Public Health Policies and Education
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Keywords: intervention mapping, health education program development, theory-based intervention design, program planning, needs assessment, program evaluation planning, health promotion
MeSH terms: Decision Support Techniques, Forecasting, Health Education, Health Plan Implementation, Health Planning Guidelines, Humans

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Intervention Mapping: A Process for Developing Theory and Evidence-Based Health Education Programs

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