Cited by 1,102Public Health Policies and EducationBehavioral Health and InterventionsHealth Policy Implementation Science

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Intervention Mapping: A Process for Developing Theory and Evidence-Based Health Education Programs

Bartholomew, L. Kay, Parcel, Guy S., Kok, Gerjo·1998·Health Education & Behavior

DOI 10.1177/109019819802500502

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Abstract

The practice of health education involves three major program-planning activities: needs assessment, program development, and evaluation. Over the past 20 years, significant enhancements have been made to the conceptual base and practice of health education. Models that outline explicit procedures and detailed conceptualization of community assessment and evaluation have been developed. Other advancements include the application of theory to health education and promotion program development and implementation. However, there remains a need for more explicit specification of the processes by which one uses theory and empirical findings to develop interventions. This article presents the origins, purpose, and description of Intervention Mapping, a framework for health education intervention development. Intervention Mapping is composed of five steps: (1) creating a matrix of proximal program objectives, (2) selecting theory-based intervention methods and practical strategies, (3) designing and organizing a program, (4) specifying adoption and implementation plans, and (5) generating program evaluation plans.

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MethodInfluential
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Background
Effective methods to change sex-risk among drug users: a review of psychosocial interventions
van Empelen, P., Kok, G., van Kesteren, N. M. C., van den Borne, B. H. P., Bos, A. E. R., & Schaalma, H. P. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00557-9 · Cited by 97
Self-citation
Active Involvement of End Users When Developing Web-Based Mental Health Interventions
de Beurs, D., van Bruinessen, I., Noordman, J., Friele, R., & van Dulmen, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00072 · Cited by 97
“intervention Mapping (iM) A method developed to structure the integration of evidence-based information, theory, and practice in the field of health-promoting programs is the IM Framework (23).”
Method
Lifestyle intervention for prevention of diabetes: determinants of success for future implementation
Roumen, C., Blaak, E. E., & Corpeleijn, E. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00181.x · Cited by 96
From psycho-social theory to sustainable classroom practice: developing a research-based teacher-delivered sex education programme
Wight, D. (2000) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/15.1.25 · Cited by 93
“This suggests that many traditional framework for intervention development set out school-based programmes should be expanded. by Bartholomew et al. (Bartholomew et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluential
Organizational Interventions for Health and Well-being
Martin, A., & LaMontagne, A. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315410494 · Cited by 99
Decoding health education interventions: The times are a-changin’
Schaalma, H. P., & Kok, G. (2008) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440801995802 · Cited by 92
“Intervention Mapping (IM) was developed as a planning framework for the development of theory- and evidence-based health promotion programmes (Bartholomew, Parcel, & Kok, 1998 ).”
MethodSelf-citation
Developing Internet-Based eHealth Promotion Programs: The Spiral Technology Action Research (STAR) Model
Skinner, H. A., Maley, O., & Norman, C. D. (2006) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839905278889 · Cited by 95
“Within health promotion, models range in focus from individual behavior change to community mobilization ( Bartholomew, Parcel, & Kok, 1998; Glanz, Lewis, & Rimer, 1997; Sorensen et al., 2003); however, none accounts for information technology applications.”
Background
Antecedents and consequences of monitoring domestic electricity consumption
Webb, T. L., Benn, Y., & Chang, B. P. I. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.07.001 · Cited by 96
National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education
Mensing, C. R., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Weinger, K., Mulcahy, K., Barta, P., Hosey, G. M., Kopher, W., Lasichak, A., Lamb, B., et al. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.s1.06.s78 · Cited by 89
Deconstructing interventions: approaches to studying behavior change techniques across obesity interventions
Tate, D. F., Lytle, L. A., Sherwood, N. E., Haire-Joshu, D. L., Matheson, D., Moore, S. M., Loria, C. M., PRATT, C. A., Ward, D. S., Belle, S. H., et al. (2016) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-015-0369-1 · Cited by 92
Systematic review of the design, implementation and effectiveness of mass media and nutrition education interventions for infant and young child feeding
Graziose, M. M., Downs, S., OʼBrien, Q., & Fanzo, J. (2017) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980017002786 · Cited by 89
“To our knowledge, multiple design frameworks exist, including the Trials of Improved Practices((49)), the DESIGN system((10)), Behaviour Centred Design((28)) and others((12,13)).”
BackgroundMethod
Barriers and facilitators for participation in health promotion programs among employees: a six-month follow-up study
van Rongen, A., Robroek, S. J., van Ginkel, W., Lindeboom, D., Altink, B., & Alex Burdorf, A. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-573 · Cited by 108
“Indeed, theories and frameworks such as the ‘Intervention mapping’ protocol [44] and participatory and peer-led interventions have been developed to this end, both aimed at developing successful interventions with a high take-up level by incorporating the needs and preferences of potential participants.”
Towards consensus on fear appeals: a rejoinder to the commentaries on Kok, Peters, Kessels, ten Hoor, and Ruiter (2018)
Peters, G.-J., Ruiter, R. A. C., ten Hoor, G. A., Kessels, L. T. E., & Kok, G. (2018) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2018.1454846 · Cited by 92
Self-citation
A qualitative synthesis of trials promoting physical activity behaviour change among post-treatment breast cancer survivors
Short, C. E., James, E. L., Stacey, F., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2013) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-013-0296-4 · Cited by 78
“To increase the likelihood of success, interventions should be based on empirical research evidence and grounded in strong health behavioural theory [25, 26].”
BackgroundResult
A scoping review of strategies for financing the implementation of evidence-based practices in behavioral health systems: State of the literature and future directions
Dopp, A. R., Narcisse, M.-R., Mundey, P., Silovsky, J. F., Smith, A. B., Mandell, D., Funderburk, B. W., Powell, B. J., Schmidt, S., Edwards, D., et al. (2020) · Implementation Research and Practice · doi:10.1177/2633489520939980 · Cited by 79
“For example, we have started to explore how intervention mapping (Bartholomew et al., 1998)—a multi-step method for developing interventions or implementation strategies based on theory, research evidence, and stakeholder perspectives—can be used to guide stakeholders in their strategic selection…”
Effect of early postnatal breastfeeding support: a cluster randomized community based trial
Kronborg, H., Væth, M., Olsen, J., Iversen, L., & Harder, I. (2007) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00341.x · Cited by 106
“The methods used in the programme included modelling, skills training with guided practice and feedback, increasing of practical knowledge by tailoring, identification of high risk situations, planning of coping responses, and mobilizing social support (15).”
Method
Designing a workplace return-to-work program for occupational low back pain: an intervention mapping approach
Ammendolia, C., Cassidy, D., Steenstra, I. A., Soklaridis, S., Boyle, E., Eng, S., Howard, H., Bhupinder, B., & Côté, P. (2009) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-10-65 · Cited by 82
“Although this approach is novel in the occupational setting intervention mapping has been used extensively in the design of complex community health programs for over 20 years [11].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Team-Based Care with Pharmacists to Improve Blood Pressure: a Review of Recent Literature
Kennelty, K. A., Polgreen, L. A., & Carter, B. L. (2018) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0803-0 · Cited by 84
Which determinants should be targeted to increase influenza vaccination uptake among health care workers in nursing homes?
den Akker, I. L., van Delden, J. J. M., Verheij, T. J. M., et al. (2009) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.013 · Cited by 83
“The intervention mapping method will be applied and importance and changeability of the determinants will be derived from this model [ 47 ].”
Method
Influence of Behavioral Theory on Fruit and Vegetable Intervention Effectiveness Among Children: A Meta-Analysis
Diep, C. S., Chen, T. A., Davies, V. F., Baranowski, J. C., & Baranowski, T. (2014) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2014.05.012 · Cited by 82
The development of an evidence-based physical self-management rehabilitation programme for cancer survivors
van Weert, E., Hoekstra‐Weebers, J. E. H. M., May, A. M., Korstjens, I., Ros, W. J. G., & van der Schans, C. P. (2008) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2007.11.027 · Cited by 83
“For the actual programme we applied principles of intervention mapping [43], which is a process for developing theory and evidence-based health education programmes, including (1) creating a matrix of proximal programme objectives, (2) selecting theory-based intervention methods and practical strategies, and (3) desig…”
Method
Evidence-Based Prevention: Characteristics, Impact, and Future Direction
Pentz, M. A. (2003) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2003.10400509 · Cited by 90
The potential of alternatives to face-to-face consultation in general practice, and the impact on different patient groups: a mixed-methods case study
Atherton, H., Brant, H., Ziébland, S., Bikker, A., Campbell, J., Gibson, A., McKinstry, B., Porqueddu, T., & Salisbury, C. (2018) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr06200 · Cited by 83
Using behaviour change theory and preliminary testing to develop an implementation intervention to reduce imaging for low back pain
Jenkins, H. J., Moloney, N. A., French, S. D., Maher, C. G., Dear, B. F., MAGNUSSEN, J. S., & Hancock, M. J. (2018) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3526-7 · Cited by 83
Using Intervention Mapping to Adapt an Effective HIV, Sexually Transmitted Disease, and Pregnancy Prevention Program for High-Risk Minority Youth
Tortolero, S. R., Markham, C. M., Parcel, G. S., Peters, R. J., Escobar‐Chaves, S. L., Basen-Engquist, K. M., & Lewis, H. L. (2005) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839904266472 · Cited by 81
Self-citation
A systematic review of barriers and enablers to South Asian women’s attendance for asymptomatic screening of breast and cervical cancers in emigrant countries
de Cuevas, R. A., Saini, P., Roberts, D., Beaver, K., Chandrashekar, M., Jain, A., Kotas, E., Tahir, N., Ahmed, S., & Brown, S. L. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020892 · Cited by 80
“Such estimates would provide information pertaining to the relative importance of facilitators and inhibitors, and how changing them may influence screening attendance.(30) Failure to incorporate inductive findings into the design of deductive studies means that many inductive findings are untested in a population con…”
Using Intervention Mapping to Develop a Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Program for Hispanic Farmworkers: Cultivando La Salud
Fernández, M. E., Gonzales, A., Tortolero‐Luna, G., Partida, S., & Bartholomew, L. K. (2005) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839905278810 · Cited by 80
Self-citation
Development of Conceptual Models to Guide Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy: Synthesizing Traditional and Contemporary Paradigms
Brady, S. S., Brubaker, L. T., Fok, C. S., Gahagan, S., Lewis, C. E., Lewis, J. B., Lowder, J. L., Nodora, J., Stapleton, A. E., Palmer, M. H., et al. (2020) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839919890869 · Cited by 86
Process evaluation of a school-based HIV/AIDS intervention in South Africa
Mukoma, W., Flisher, A. J., Ahmed, N., Jansen, S., Mathews, C., Klepp, K., & Schaalma, H. P. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494808090631 · Cited by 79
“The intervention delivered in Cape Town was developed following the guidelines of Intervention Mapping, a framework for programme design on the basis of (1) needs assessments and capacity analysis, (2) theory about behaviour and behaviour change, (3) collaborative planning [ 8 ,9].”
Method
Bridging Health Care and the Workplace: Formulation of a Return-to-Work Intervention for Breast Cancer Patients Using an Intervention Mapping Approach
Désiron, H. A. M., Crutzen, R., Godderis, L., Hoof, E. V., & de Rijk, A. E. (2016) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-015-9620-3 · Cited by 77
“The protocol provided by IM describes 6 steps, the first 4 of which we followed as described below [34–36].”
BackgroundMethod
Effectiveness of a group-based intervention to change medication beliefs and improve medication adherence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled trial
Zwikker, H. E., van den Ende, C. H. M., van Lankveld, W. G., den Broeder, A. A., van den Hoogen, F. H. J., van de Mosselaar, B., van Dulmen, S., & van den Bemt, B. J. F. (2013) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2013.12.002 · Cited by 77
“The systematic development of the intervention (based on the Intervention Mapping framework)[26] and its content is published by Zwikker et al.”
Method
Effects of an intervention aimed at reducing the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages in primary school children: a controlled trial
van de Gaar, V. M., Jansen, W., van Grieken, A., Borsboom, G. J., Kremers, S., & Raat, H. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-014-0098-8 · Cited by 87
“The intervention was developed by the local government using health promotion tools – intervention mapping [55] – in combination with social marketing.”
Method
Efficacy of tailored-print interventions to promote physical activity: a systematic review of randomised trials
Short, C. E., James, E. L., Plotnikoff, R. C., & Girgis, A. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-113 · Cited by 82
“mapping protocol [65], explicitly outlined the theoretical methods and practical strategies that were linked to the tailoring variables used to create each message.”
Background
GLA:D® Back group-based patient education integrated with exercises to support self-management of back pain - development, theories and scientific evidence -
Kjær, P., Kongsted, A., Ris, I., Abbott, A. D., Rasmussen, C. D. N., Roos, E. M., Skou, S. T., Andersen, T. E., & Hartvigsen, J. (2018) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-018-2334-x · Cited by 82
Preparing for aging: Development, feasibility and preliminary results of an educational program for midlife and older based on proactive coping theory
Bode, C., de Ridder, D. T. D., & Bensing, J. M. (2005) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2005.04.006 · Cited by 74
“There has been some critique that intervention researchers are not explicit enough over how theories have been applied in the development of the intervention [21,22].”
Training needs assessment of health care professionals in a developing country: the example of Saint Lucia
Gaspard, J., & Yang, C.-M. (2016) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-016-0638-9 · Cited by 73

Authors: Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., & Kok, G.
Affiliations: The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
Maastricht University (NL)
Corresponding author: Bartholomew, L. Kay
ORCID: Bartholomew, L. Kay
Kok, Gerjo
Venue: Health Education & Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1998-10
Volume: 25
Issue: 5
Pages: 545-563
ISSN: 1090-1981 (ISSN-L)
1552-6127
DOI: 10.1177/109019819802500502
OpenAlex: W1986321933
Cited by: 1,102
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 52 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 25.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Health Education & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Public Health Policies and Education
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Keywords: intervention mapping, health education program development, theory-based intervention design, program planning, needs assessment, program evaluation planning, health promotion
MeSH terms: Decision Support Techniques, Forecasting, Health Education, Health Plan Implementation, Health Planning Guidelines, Humans

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Intervention Mapping: A Process for Developing Theory and Evidence-Based Health Education Programs

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