Cited by 1,102Public Health Policies and EducationBehavioral Health and InterventionsHealth Policy Implementation Science

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Intervention Mapping: A Process for Developing Theory and Evidence-Based Health Education Programs

Bartholomew, L. Kay, Parcel, Guy S., Kok, Gerjo·1998·Health Education & Behavior

DOI 10.1177/109019819802500502

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Abstract

The practice of health education involves three major program-planning activities: needs assessment, program development, and evaluation. Over the past 20 years, significant enhancements have been made to the conceptual base and practice of health education. Models that outline explicit procedures and detailed conceptualization of community assessment and evaluation have been developed. Other advancements include the application of theory to health education and promotion program development and implementation. However, there remains a need for more explicit specification of the processes by which one uses theory and empirical findings to develop interventions. This article presents the origins, purpose, and description of Intervention Mapping, a framework for health education intervention development. Intervention Mapping is composed of five steps: (1) creating a matrix of proximal program objectives, (2) selecting theory-based intervention methods and practical strategies, (3) designing and organizing a program, (4) specifying adoption and implementation plans, and (5) generating program evaluation plans.

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Method
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Background
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Background
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BackgroundMethod
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Method
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BackgroundMethod
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Austin, J., Drossaert, C. H. C., van Dijk, J., Sanderman, R., Børøsund, E., Mirković, J., Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Peeters, N. J., Klooster, J. W. J. R. V. '., Schroevers, M. J., et al. (2022) · JMIR Cancer · doi:10.2196/37502 · Cited by 25
“Although in medical and behavioral research, top-down requirements for interventions are common [27,28], existing frameworks of eHealth development are predominantly based on bottom-up requirements and user-centered design (see the review by van Gemert-Pijnen et al [29] for an overview).”
Background
Implementing risk-aligned bladder cancer surveillance care
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“Performance objectives can be based on findings from interviews with providers and patients and include (1) facilitators and (2) barriers reframed into desirable objectives [32].”
BackgroundInfluential
Systematic development of CHEMO-SUPPORT, a nursing intervention to support adult patients with cancer in dealing with chemotherapy-related symptoms at home
Coolbrandt, A., Wildiers, H. P. M. W., Aertgeerts, B., de Casterlé, B. D., van Achterberg, T., & Milisen, K. (2018) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-018-0297-8 · Cited by 21
A protocol for designing online training to support the implementation of community-based interventions.
Gavarkovs, A. G., Blunt, W., & Petrella, R. (2019) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.10.013 · Cited by 18
Constructive Alignment in Game Design for Learning Activities in Higher Education
Roméro, M., & Kalmpourtzis, G. (2020) · Information · doi:10.3390/info11030126 · Cited by 34
“Intervention Mapping [42], a tool focusing on project planning, presents an iterative process of six steps aiming to generate design requirements, implement and evaluate them, creating effective learning experiences.”
Method
Co-production of “nature walks for wellbeing” public health intervention for people with severe mental illness: use of theory and practical know-how
Hubbard, G., Thompson, C. W., Locke, R., Jenkins, D., Munoz, S.-A., van Woerden, H. C., Maxwell, M., Yang, Y., & Gorely, T. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08518-7 · Cited by 20
Evaluating a web- and telephone-based personalised exercise intervention for individuals living with metastatic prostate cancer (ExerciseGuide): protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial
Evans, H. E. L., Forbes, C. C., Galvao, D. A., Vandelanotte, C., Newton, R. U., Wittert, G., Chambers, S. K., Vincent, A. D., Kichenadasse, G., Brook, N. R., et al. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-020-00763-2 · Cited by 21
Co-Creation Approach with Action-Oriented Research Methods to Strengthen “Krachtvoer”; A School-Based Programme to Enhance Healthy Nutrition in Adolescents
Driessen-Willems, M. D., Bartelink, N. H. M., Bessems, K. M. H. H., Kremers, S. P. J., Kintzen, C., & van Assema, P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157866 · Cited by 20
“During the initial development of Krachtvoer, intervention mapping principles [38] were used, including the use of available theoretical and empirical knowledge and additional data collection among students, teachers, and parents [30,39].”
Method
Development of an occupational advice intervention for patients undergoing lower limb arthroplasty (the OPAL study)
Baker, P. N., Coole, C., Drummond, A. E., McDaid, C., Khan, S., Thomson, L., Hewitt, C. E., McNamara, I., McDonald, D. A., Fitch, J., et al. (2018) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3238-z · Cited by 20
Resilience-based interventions in the public sector workplace: a systematic review
Hollaar, M. H. L., Kemmere, B., Kocken, P., & Denktaş, S. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-21177-2 · Cited by 49
Le protocole de l’intervention mapping : un processus méthodique pour élaborer, implanter et évaluer des programmes en promotion de la santé
Fassier, J., Lamort‐Bouché, M., Sarnin, P., Durif‐Bruckert, C., Péron, J., Letrilliart, L., & Durand, M. (2015) · Revue d Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique · doi:10.1016/j.respe.2015.10.002 · Cited by 20
“la formulation des problèmes dans une perspective écologique ; la participation des acteurs concernés ; le recours aux cadres théoriques appropriés en sciences humaines et sociales ; le recours aux données scientifiques valides [4,37].”
Background
Engagement of Stakeholders in the Design, Evaluation, and Implementation of Complex Interventions
Hudson, J. L., Moon, Z., Hughes, L. D., & Moss-Morris, R. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.024 · Cited by 20
Using the Design Sprint process to enhance and accelerate behavioral medicine progress: a case study and guidance
Jake‐Schoffman, D. E., & McVay, M. A. (2020) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibaa100 · Cited by 20
‘Self-Management Intervention through Lifestyle Education for Kidney health’ (the SMILE-K study): protocol for a single-blind longitudinal randomised controlled trial with nested pilot study
Lightfoot, C. J., Wilkinson, T. J., Yates, T. E., Davies, M. J., & Smith, A. C. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064916 · Cited by 20
Implementing and Evaluating Interventions
Finch, C. F. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1599-2_35 · Cited by 20
Efficiency of an Evidence-Based Intervention to Promote and Reinforce Tobacco Abstinence Among Elementary Schoolchildren in a School Transition Period
Côté, F., Godin, G., & Gagné, C. (2006) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198105285616 · Cited by 20
Does Aerobic Exercise Increase 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Among Workers With High Occupational Physical Activity?—A RCT
Korshøj, M., Krause, N., Clays, E., Søgaard, K., Krustrup, P., & Holtermann, A. (2017) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpw197 · Cited by 20
How behavioural science can contribute to health partnerships: the case of The Change Exchange
Byrne-Davis, L. M. T., Bull, E. R., Burton, A. E., Dharni, N., Gillison, F., Maltinsky, W., Mason, C., Sharma, N., Armitage, C. J., Johnston, M., et al. (2017) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-017-0254-4 · Cited by 23
Mental Health Clinician and Community Clergy Collaboration to Address Moral Injury in Veterans and the Role of the Veterans Affairs Chaplain
Pyne, J. M., Rabalais, A., & Sullivan, S. D. (2018) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2018.1474997 · Cited by 21
Development of interventions for an intelligent and individualized mobile health care system to promote healthy diet and physical activity: using an intervention mapping framework
Chen, Y., Wu, F., Wu, Y. X., Li, J., Yue, P., Deng, Y., Lamb, K. V., Fong, S. J., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7639-7 · Cited by 22
“…activity changes; and (3) formulation of evidence-based methods and strategies, and practical applications (According to Bartholomew et al. [31], practical application is defined as the specific translation of an evidence-based method for use in a way that fits the intervention population…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Mindful Eating and Active Living: Development and Implementation of a Multidisciplinary Pediatric Weight Management Intervention
Burton, E. T., & Smith, W. A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051425 · Cited by 23
“Among these are intervention mapping [32], the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) Framework [33], logic models [34], and the Medical Research Council (MRC) Framework [35].”
Method
Incentive-Based Interventions
Uri Gneezy, B., Kajackaite, A., & Meier, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.036 · Cited by 20
Implementation of a group‐based physical activity programme for ageing adults with ID : a process evaluation
van Schijndel‐Speet, M., Evenhuis, H. M., van Wijck, R., & Echteld, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.12145 · Cited by 20
“Furthermore, the positive findings about the content and feasibility of the programme are a result of this careful developing process, using the concepts of Intervention Mapping [25].”
Method
Long Term Effects on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease after 12-Months of Aerobic Exercise Intervention - A Worksite RCT among Cleaners
Korshøj, M., Lidegaard, M., Krustrup, P., Jørgensen, M. B., Søgaard, K., & Holtermann, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158547 · Cited by 20
“Through a modified intervention mapping approach [26] the aerobic exercises were tailored to each of the enrolled companies [24].”
Method
Implementing the ecological approach in tobacco control programs: results of a case study
Richard, L., Lehoux, P., Breton, É., Denis, J., Labrie, L., & Léonard, C. (2004) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2004.07.004 · Cited by 20
ListeningTime; participatory development of a web-based preparatory communication tool for elderly cancer patients and their healthcare providers
Noordman, J., Driesenaar, J. A., van Bruinessen, I. R., & van Dulmen, S. (2017) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.05.002 · Cited by 15
“There are several participatory frameworks available to involve end-users in the development of web-based interventions, e.g. intervention mapping, CeHRes framework and 4Pi National Involvement Standards (van Gemert-Pijnen et al., 2011; Green et al., 2016; Bartholomew et al., 1998; de Beurs et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethod
A feasibility test of a brief motivational interview intervention to reduce dating abuse perpetration in a hospital setting.
Rothman, E. F., & Wang, N. (2016) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000050 · Cited by 19
“The Real Talk intervention was planned and developed using a standard, evidence-based approach (Bartholomew et al., 1998) (Hypothesis 1).”
Educational concussion module for professional footballers: from systematic development to feasibility and effect
Gouttebarge, V., Cowie, C., Goedhart, E. A., Kemp, S. P. T., Kerkhoffs, G. M. M. J., Patricios, J., & Stokes, K. (2019) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000490 · Cited by 19
Using an intervention mapping approach to develop prevention and rehabilitation strategies for musculoskeletal pain among surgeons
Dalager, T., Højmark, A., Jensen, P. T., Søgaard, K., & Andersen, L. N. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6625-4 · Cited by 20
Effectiveness of a school-based randomized controlled trial aimed at increasing physical activity time in adolescents
de Morais, L. M. S., Paravidino, V. B., Mediano, M. F. F., Benthroldo, R. S., Gonçalves, T. R., Sgambato, M. R., de Souza, B. D. S. N., Eliseu, V., Marques, E. S., Pereira, R. A., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab025 · Cited by 19
Coordination of sustainable financing for evidence-based youth mental health treatments: protocol for development and evaluation of the fiscal mapping process
Dopp, A. R., Gilbert, M., Silovsky, J. F., Ringel, J. S., Schmidt, S. R., Funderburk, B. W., Jorgensen, A. G., Powell, B. J., Luke, D. A., Mandell, D. S., et al. (2022) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-021-00234-6 · Cited by 20
“Methods of tailoring implementation strategies are in their infancy, but implementation experts [71, 73] recently identified Intervention Mapping [74, 75] as showing promise for pragmatically selecting implementation strategies.”
BackgroundMethod
The Shifting Public Health Landscape and Virtual Learning Environment: The Effectiveness of Practice-Based Teaching Delivered In-Person, Virtual, and Hybrid
Cunnington, S., Codner, A., Nelson, E., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20042867 · Cited by 19
“The course leads students through a step-wise planning process [36] to design an evidence-informed, innovative, and feasible intervention that directly addresses a target population’s knowledge, attitudes, behavioral skills, self-efficacy, and other individual-level determinants of behavior.”
Background
Implementing interventions to start HPV vaccination at age 9: Using the evidence we have
Brandt, H. M., Footman, A. P., Adsul, P., Ramanadhan, S., & Kepka, D. (2023) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2023.2180250 · Cited by 21
What Do We Know about Medication Adherence Interventions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Multiple Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis? A Scoping Review of Randomised Controlled Trials
King, K., McGuinness, S., Watson, N., Norton, C. S., Chalder, T., & Czuber‐Dochan, W. (2023) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s424024 · Cited by 19
The Effectiveness of a Multi-Disciplinary Group Rehabilitation Program on the Psychosocial Functioning of Elderly People who are Visually Impaired
Alma, M., Groothoff, J. W., Melis-Dankers, B., et al. (2013) · Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness · doi:10.1177/0145482x1310700101 · Cited by 19
Description of an efficacious behavioral peer-driven intervention to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in AIDS clinical trials
Leonard, N. R., Banfield, A., Riedel, M., et al. (2013) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyt052 · Cited by 19
“The IWG used the Intervention Mapping approach [20] to refine the intervention concept.”
Method
Interpersonal Community Psychiatric Treatment for non-psychotic chronic patients and nurses in outpatient mental health care: A controlled pilot study on feasibility and effects
Koekkoek, B., van Meijel, B., Schene, A. H., Smit, A., Kaasenbrood, A., & Hutschemaekers, G. J. M. (2011) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.11.003 · Cited by 18
“The development of ICPT took place over a period of four years and was guided by the principles of Intervention Mapping (Bartholomew et al., 1998).”
Method
Critical evaluation of international health programs: Reframing global health and evaluation
Chi, C., Tuepker, A., Schoon, R., & Núñez, A. (2018) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.2483 · Cited by 20

Authors: Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., & Kok, G.
Affiliations: The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
Maastricht University (NL)
Corresponding author: Bartholomew, L. Kay
ORCID: Bartholomew, L. Kay
Kok, Gerjo
Venue: Health Education & Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1998-10
Volume: 25
Issue: 5
Pages: 545-563
ISSN: 1090-1981 (ISSN-L)
1552-6127
DOI: 10.1177/109019819802500502
OpenAlex: W1986321933
Cited by: 1,102
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 52 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 25.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Health Education & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Public Health Policies and Education
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Keywords: intervention mapping, health education program development, theory-based intervention design, program planning, needs assessment, program evaluation planning, health promotion
MeSH terms: Decision Support Techniques, Forecasting, Health Education, Health Plan Implementation, Health Planning Guidelines, Humans

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Intervention Mapping: A Process for Developing Theory and Evidence-Based Health Education Programs

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