Cited by 1,102Public Health Policies and EducationBehavioral Health and InterventionsHealth Policy Implementation Science

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Intervention Mapping: A Process for Developing Theory and Evidence-Based Health Education Programs

Bartholomew, L. Kay, Parcel, Guy S., Kok, Gerjo·1998·Health Education & Behavior

DOI 10.1177/109019819802500502

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Abstract

The practice of health education involves three major program-planning activities: needs assessment, program development, and evaluation. Over the past 20 years, significant enhancements have been made to the conceptual base and practice of health education. Models that outline explicit procedures and detailed conceptualization of community assessment and evaluation have been developed. Other advancements include the application of theory to health education and promotion program development and implementation. However, there remains a need for more explicit specification of the processes by which one uses theory and empirical findings to develop interventions. This article presents the origins, purpose, and description of Intervention Mapping, a framework for health education intervention development. Intervention Mapping is composed of five steps: (1) creating a matrix of proximal program objectives, (2) selecting theory-based intervention methods and practical strategies, (3) designing and organizing a program, (4) specifying adoption and implementation plans, and (5) generating program evaluation plans.

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“The DA development process followed a strategy described by Bartholomew et al. (17) for the development of theory-based interventions.”
Method
Intervention mapping for development of a participatory return-to-work intervention for temporary agency workers and unemployed workers sick-listed due to musculoskeletal disorders
van der Burg-Vermeulen, S. J., Anema, J. R., Schellart, A. J., van Mechelen, W., & van der Beek, A. J. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-216 · Cited by 54
“Intervention Mapping process for development of the PE program for temporary agency workers and unemployed workers, sick-listed due to MSD (based on Intervention Mapping as described by Bartholomew and colleagues [25-27].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Self-Efficacy Interventions
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Development of an Intervention Program for Alzheimer's Family Caregivers Following Diagnostic Disclosure
Ducharme, F., Beaudet, L., Legault, A., Kergoat, M., Lévesque, L., & Caron, C. D. (2009) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/1054773808330093 · Cited by 50
An Adapted Version of Intervention Mapping (AIM) Is a Tool for Conducting Community-Based Participatory Research
Belansky, E. S., Cutforth, N., Chavez, R. A., Waters, E., & Bartlett-Horch, K. (2009) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839909334620 · Cited by 53
“Bartholomew et al. (1998) state, “The linkages can span the range from inclusion of prospective program participants and intermediate users as planning team members, through a community empowerment model in which the community members are the planners” (p. 547).”
Background
National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education
Funnell, M. M., Brown, T. L., Childs, B. P., Haas, L. B., Hosey, G. M., Jensen, B., Maryniuk, M. D., Peyrot, M. F., Piette, J. D., Reader, D., et al. (2007) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721707305880 · Cited by 55
Collaborative planning approach to inform the implementation of a healthcare manager intervention for hispanics with serious mental illness: a study protocol
Cabassa, L. J., Druss, B., Wang, Y., & Lewis-Fernández, R. (2011) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-6-80 · Cited by 50
“The six steps of IM that inform intervention modifications are [1] problem analysis, [2] review of intervention objectives and theoretical foundations, [3] modification of intervention methods and strategies, [4] development of a revised intervention, [5] development of an implementation plan, and [6] evaluation [42].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Active Patient Participation in the Development of an Online Intervention
van Bruinessen, I. R., van Weel-Baumgarten, E. M., Snippe, H. W., Gouw, H., Zijlstra, J. M., & van Dulmen, S. (2014) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.3695 · Cited by 43
“The IM framework systematically guides the planning and decision-making process in health promoting programs [19].”
Conceptualising access in the direct-acting antiviral era: An integrated framework to inform research and practice in HCV care for people who inject drugs
Høj, S. B., Jacka, B. P., Minoyan, N., Artenie, A. A., & Bruneau, J. (2019) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.04.001 · Cited by 51
N-of-1 methods: A practical guide to exploring trajectories of behaviour change and designing precision behaviour change interventions
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Changing Behavior Using Ecological Models
Salmon, J., Hesketh, K. D., Arundell, L., Downing, K. L., & Biddle, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.017 · Cited by 57
Program development for promoting adherence during and after exercise therapy for urinary incontinence
Alewijnse, D., Mesters, I., Metsemakers, J. F. M., & van den Borne, B. H. P. (2002) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/s0738-3991(02)00021-6 · Cited by 50
Interventions developed with the Intervention Mapping protocol in the field of cancer: A systematic review
Lamort‐Bouché, M., Sarnin, P., Kok, G., Rouat, S., Péron, J., Letrilliart, L., & Fassier, J. (2017) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4611 · Cited by 49
“9 The Intervention Mapping (IM) protocol in health promotion programme planning was developed 10,11 in the 1990s.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Unraveling implementation context: the Basel Approach for coNtextual ANAlysis (BANANA) in implementation science and its application in the SMILe project
Mielke, J., Leppla, L., Valenta, S., Zullig, L. L., Zúñiga, F., Staudacher, S., Teynor, A., & Geest, S. D. (2022) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-022-00354-7 · Cited by 50
“Another guidance focusing on both intervention development and implementation strategies is Bartholomew, Parcel, and Kok’s “Intervention Mapping”—a five-step process, the foundation of which is a contextual analysis [115].”
Background
Using an Intervention Mapping Framework to Develop an Online Mental Health Continuing Education Program for Pharmacy Staff
Wheeler, A., Fowler, J., & Hattingh, L. (2013) · Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions · doi:10.1002/chp.21198 · Cited by 48
Setting our minds to implementation
Verhagen, E. A. L. M., & Finch, C. F. (2011) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090485 · Cited by 48
Interfacing theories of program with theories of evaluation for advancing evaluation practice: Reductionism, systems thinking, and pragmatic synthesis
Chen, H. T. (2016) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.05.012 · Cited by 48
Translational Gap between Laboratory and Playing Field: New Era to Solve Old Problems in Sports Science
Eisenmann, J. C. (2017) · Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1249/tjx.0000000000000032 · Cited by 48
“(4), 2) diffusion of innovations theory to guide the planning of intervention strategies (22), and 3) the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance framework for program evaluation and program design (14).”
Background
Using intervention mapping to develop and adapt a secondary stroke prevention program in Veterans Health Administration medical centers
Schmid, A. A., Andersen, J., Kent, T., Williams, L. S., & Damush, T. M. (2010) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-5-97 · Cited by 46
“Step one of IM is to develop proximal program objectives, illustrated in a matrix of cells that include the intersection of behavioral or environmental proximal performance objectives (rows of table) with specified determinants (columns of table) (tables found in Additional File 1 Step 1) [2].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Development and Evaluation of Digital Game-Based Training for Managers to Promote Employee Mental Health and Reduce Mental Illness Stigma at Work: Quasi-Experimental Study of Program Effectiveness
Hanisch, S., Birner, U., Oberhauser, C., Nowak, D., & Sabariego, C. (2017) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.7600 · Cited by 47
“In developing LMHP, we followed a systematic approach similar to intervention mapping [29] for designing theory-and evidence-based health promotion programs.”
Method
Development, Usability, and Efficacy of a Serious Game to Help Patients Learn About Pain Management After Surgery: An Evaluation Study
Ingadóttir, B., Blöndal, K., Thue, D., Zoëga, S., Thylén, I., & Jaarsma, T. (2017) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/games.6894 · Cited by 46
“…3 principles of the Intervention Mapping protocol (proximal program objectives, theoretical methods, and practical strategies, and design program) [34], and we intend to use principles 4 and 5 (adoption and implementation) in future work to prepare interventions in the real-life situation of the…”
Method
How to reduce parental provision of unhealthy foods to 3‐ to 8‐year‐old children in the home environment? A systematic review utilizing the Behaviour Change Wheel framework
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“The UK Medical Research Council has produced guidelines to support the design of complex behaviour change interventions (18), with complementary frameworks, such as RE-AIM (19), Intervention Mapping (20) and Behaviour Change Wheel (21), suggested to support the design of evidence-based and theoretically underpinned in…”
Method
A digital self-management intervention for adults with type 2 diabetes: Combining theory, data and participatory design to develop HeLP-Diabetes
Dack, C., Ross, J., Stevenson, F. A., Pal, K., Gubert, E., Michie, S., Yardley, L., Barnard, M., May, C. R., Farmer, A. A., et al. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.100241 · Cited by 53
“…regular emails and/or Informa!on on where and when to take medicine; side eﬀects of medicines; any changes to lifestyle; and what the medicine does (Berry et al. 1995; Busson & Dunn, 1986; Weinman, 1990) ( continued on next page ) (Carver & Scheier 1982; Michie et al. 2009; Michie et al. 2012)…”
Background
Improving Organizational Health Literacy Responsiveness in Cardiac Rehabilitation Using A Co-Design Methodology: Results from The Heart Skills Study
Aaby, A., Simonsen, C. B., Ryom, K., & Maindal, H. T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17031015 · Cited by 48
“Intervention Mapping (IM) is a stepwise process originally designed to identify, develop, implement, and evaluate health education programs [8].”
Background
An organisational participatory research study of the feasibility of the behaviour change wheel to support clinical teams implementing new models of care
Bull, E. R., Hart, J., Swift, J., Baxter, K., McLauchlan, N., Joseph, S., & Byrne-Davis, L. M. T. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-3885-8 · Cited by 47
Preventing obesity in infants: the Growing healthy feasibility trial protocol
Denney‐Wilson, E., Laws, R., Russell, C. G., Ong, K.-L., Taki, S., Elliot, R., Azadi, L., Lymer, S. J., Taylor, R. W., Lynch, J. W., et al. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009258 · Cited by 46
Intervention fidelity: Developing an experience-based model for rehabilitation research
Poltawski, L., Norris, M., & Dean, S. G. (2014) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-1848 · Cited by 46
Intervention Mapping as a Participatory Approach to Developing an HIV Prevention Intervention in Rural African American Communities
Corbie-Smith, G. M., Akers, A. Y., Blumenthal, C., Wynn, M. R., Muhammad, M., & Stith, D. (2010) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2010.22.3.184 · Cited by 46
“This comprehensive approach gave us collective confidence that the interventions we developed would be based on a thorough understanding of the needs of the target population and would build on existing community capacity to ensure sustainability (Bartholomew et al., 2002; Green & Kreuter, 1999).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A systematic review of interventions to promote work participation in older workers
Steenstra, I. A., Cullen, K. L., Irvin, E., Eerd, D. V., Alavinia, M., Beaton, D., Geary, J., Gignac, M. A. M., Gross, D. P., Mahood, Q., et al. (2016) · Journal of Safety Research · doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2016.12.004 · Cited by 45
Efficacy of a Web-Based Self-Management Enhancing Program for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Explorative Randomized Controlled Trial
Zuidema, R., van Dulmen, S., der Sanden, M. W. G. N., Meek, I., van den Ende, C. H. M., Fransen, J., & van Gaal, B. G. I. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/12463 · Cited by 49
“The theory of planned behavior was used as the underlying theory and essential behavioral change techniques were applied to induce behavioral change formulated as performance objectives, selected according to the IM steps [21,25,26].”
Method
An iterative, interdisciplinary, collaborative framework for developing and evaluating digital behavior change interventions
Sucala, M. L., Ezeanochie, N., Cole-Lewis, H. J., & Turgiss, J. L. (2019) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibz109 · Cited by 49
“Are all these behavior change techniques necessary? Are they necessary for every user and/or under any circumstances? To facilitate the process of answering some of these questions, approaches such as intervention mapping (IM) have been proposed [33].”
Background
Changing Behavior Using Self-Determination Theory
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Design of the iPlay Study
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Worksite health interventions: Targets for change and strategies for attaining them.
Heaney, C. A. (2003) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10474-015 · Cited by 45
Intervention mapping for the development of a strategy to implement the insurance medicine guidelines for depression
Zwerver, F., Schellart, A. J., Anema, J. R., Rammeloo, K. C., & van der Beek, A. J. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-9 · Cited by 44
“IM, developed in the nineties by Bartholomew et al. [15, 21 ], is a planning instrument that maps out the development process of an intervention from the basic needs to the potential solution.”
Background
Developing a Return to Work Intervention for Breast Cancer Survivors with the Intervention Mapping Protocol: Challenges and Opportunities of the Needs Assessment
Fassier, J., Lamort‐Bouché, M., Broc, G., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00035 · Cited by 43
“The intervention mapping (IM) protocol has been used for 15 years in different countries to develop, implement, and evaluate interventions in the field of health promotion (20, 21).”
Method
“It’s important to buy in to the new lifestyle”: barriers and facilitators of exercise adherence in a population with persistent musculoskeletal pain
Meade, L. B., Bearne, L., & Godfrey, E. L. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1629700 · Cited by 43
Understanding physical activity intentions among French Canadians with type 2 diabetes: an extension of Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour
Boudreau, F., & Godin, G. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-6-35 · Cited by 44

Authors: Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., & Kok, G.
Affiliations: The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
Maastricht University (NL)
Corresponding author: Bartholomew, L. Kay
ORCID: Bartholomew, L. Kay
Kok, Gerjo
Venue: Health Education & Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1998-10
Volume: 25
Issue: 5
Pages: 545-563
ISSN: 1090-1981 (ISSN-L)
1552-6127
DOI: 10.1177/109019819802500502
OpenAlex: W1986321933
Cited by: 1,102
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 52 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 25.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Health Education & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Public Health Policies and Education
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Keywords: intervention mapping, health education program development, theory-based intervention design, program planning, needs assessment, program evaluation planning, health promotion
MeSH terms: Decision Support Techniques, Forecasting, Health Education, Health Plan Implementation, Health Planning Guidelines, Humans

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Intervention Mapping: A Process for Developing Theory and Evidence-Based Health Education Programs

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