Cited by 1,102Public Health Policies and EducationBehavioral Health and InterventionsHealth Policy Implementation Science

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Intervention Mapping: A Process for Developing Theory and Evidence-Based Health Education Programs

Bartholomew, L. Kay, Parcel, Guy S., Kok, Gerjo·1998·Health Education & Behavior

DOI 10.1177/109019819802500502

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Abstract

The practice of health education involves three major program-planning activities: needs assessment, program development, and evaluation. Over the past 20 years, significant enhancements have been made to the conceptual base and practice of health education. Models that outline explicit procedures and detailed conceptualization of community assessment and evaluation have been developed. Other advancements include the application of theory to health education and promotion program development and implementation. However, there remains a need for more explicit specification of the processes by which one uses theory and empirical findings to develop interventions. This article presents the origins, purpose, and description of Intervention Mapping, a framework for health education intervention development. Intervention Mapping is composed of five steps: (1) creating a matrix of proximal program objectives, (2) selecting theory-based intervention methods and practical strategies, (3) designing and organizing a program, (4) specifying adoption and implementation plans, and (5) generating program evaluation plans.

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Method
Development of a web-based intervention (eMotion) based on behavioural activation to promote physical activity in people with depression
Lambert, J. D., Greaves, C. J., Farrand, P., Haase, A. M., & Taylor, A. H. (2017) · Mental Health and Physical Activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2017.10.003 · Cited by 14
Physical Activity and Public Health: Four Decades of Progress
Keadle, S. K., Bustamante, E. E., & Buman, M. P. (2021) · Kinesiology Review · doi:10.1123/kr.2021-0028 · Cited by 17
Towards OPtimal TIming and Method for promoting sUstained adherence to lifestyle and body weight recommendations in postMenopausal breast cancer survivors (the OPTIMUM-study): protocol for a longitudinal mixed-method study
van Maldegem, S. J. M. V. C. –., Mols, F., Horevoorts, N. J. E., de Kruif, A. J. T. C. M., Buffart, L. M., Schoormans, D., Trompetter, H. R., Beijer, S., Ezendam, N. P. M., de Boer, M. R., et al. (2021) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-021-01406-1 · Cited by 15
“The OPTIMUM-study uses a systematic, bottom-up, holistic approach [39].”
Method
The role of nutrition‐sensitive agriculture combined with behavioral interventions in childhood growth in Ethiopia: An adequacy evaluation study
Mekonnen, T. C., Tadesse, S. E., Dawed, Y. A., et al. (2022) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.524 · Cited by 15
A training programme for community pharmacists to support people living with severe and persistent mental illness: Intervention mapping in the context of a pandemic
McMillan, S. S., El‐Den, S., O’Reilly, C. L., Roennfeldt, H., Theodorus, T., Chapman, J., Bailey, K. A., Crump, K., Collins, J. C., Ng, R., et al. (2022) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/00178969221130461 · Cited by 19
“The training programme developed specifically for IG pharmacists is outlined, following the six steps of the IM framework as outlined by Bartholomew et al. (1998) and applied in other pharmacy settings (Labonté et al., 2020; Sabater-Hernández et al., 2016; Santina et al., 2018; Wheeler et al.,…”
BackgroundMethod
Design and methodology of a community-based cluster-randomized controlled trial for dietary behaviour change in rural Kerala
Daivadanam, M., Wahlström, R., Ravindran, T. K. S., Sarma, P. S., Sivasankaran, S., & Thankappan, K. R. (2013) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v6i0.20993 · Cited by 15
“Methods The Intervention Mapping Protocol (30) was used as the basis for the planning and development of the BID study.”
Method
Using e-health in perioperative care: a survey study investigating shortcomings in current perioperative care and possible future solutions
van der Meij, E., Bouwsma, E. V. A., van den Heuvel, B., Bonjer, H. J., Anema, J. R., & Huirne, J. A. F. (2017) · BMC Surgery · doi:10.1186/s12893-017-0254-6 · Cited by 15
“Intervention mapping is a systematic description of a logical planning process in several steps, starting with a needs assessment and ending with an evaluation of the developed intervention [8].”
Background
Using air quality monitoring to reduce second-hand smoke exposure in homes: the AFRESH feasibility study
Dobson, R., O’Donnell, R., de Bruin, M., Turner, S., & Semple, S. E. (2017) · Tobacco Prevention & Cessation · doi:10.18332/tpc/74645 · Cited by 15
NFL Play 60: Managing the intersection of professional sport and obesity
Sparvero, E. S., & Warner, S. M. (2018) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.005 · Cited by 15
Tailored Daily Activity: An Adaptive Physical Activity Smartphone Intervention
Direito, A., Tooley, M., Hinbarji, M., Albatal, R., Jiang, Y., Whittaker, R., & Maddison, R. (2019) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2019.0034 · Cited by 15
“51 Greater end-user engagement and co-production could lead to increased participant engagement and, consequently, effectiveness.”
Development process of an evidence-based exercise program for post-operative colorectal cancer patients
An, K., Yang, H. I., Kang, D., Courneya, K. S., & Jeon, J. Y. (2019) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-019-04864-4 · Cited by 13
Web-based physical activity intervention for people with progressive multiple sclerosis: application of consensus-based intervention development guidance
Busse, M. E., Latchem-Hastings, J., Button, K., Poile, V., Davies, F., Halloran, R. O., Stensland, B., Tallantyre, E. C., Lowe, R., Wood, F., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045378 · Cited by 18
Formative Research to Develop a Lifestyle Application (App) for African American Breast Cancer Survivors
Smith, S. A., Whitehead, M. S., Sheats, J. Q., Fontenot, B., Alema‐Mensah, E., & Ansa, B. E. (2016) · Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association · doi:10.21633/jgpha.6.103 · Cited by 15
Using intervention mapping to design and implement quality improvement strategies towards elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Northern Ghana
Manyeh, A. K., Ibisomi, L., Baiden, F., Chirwa, T. F., & Ramaswamy, R. (2019) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007267 · Cited by 15
Child diet and health outcomes of the simple suppers program: a 10-week, 2-group quasi-experimental family meals trial
Gunther, C. W., Rogers, C., Holloman, C. H., Hopkins, L. C., Anderson, S. E., Miller, C. K., Copeland, K. A., Dollahite, J., Pratt, K. J., Webster, A., et al. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7930-7 · Cited by 17
“Following baseline data collection (described below), families chose to enroll in either the immediate upcoming 10-week session of Simple Suppers (intervention group) or to wait for 10 weeks (waitlist control group), then begin the Simple Suppers program.”
MethodInfluential
Educational virtual game scenario generation for serious games
Janssens, O., Samyny, K., Rik Van De Walle, B., et al. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (SeGAH) · doi:10.1109/segah.2014.7067106 · Cited by 15
“The scenarios and interactions within the serious game are based on theoretical and empirical knowledge regarding personal and contextual determinants of cyber bullying that are obtained by performing a well-established intervention method from the field of health psychology: Intervention Mapping (IM) [2].”
Method
Quality control methods at a hospital
Canel, C., Mahar, S., Rosen, D., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance · doi:10.1108/09526861011010686 · Cited by 15
Who benefits from a dietary online intervention? Evidence from Italy, Spain and Greece
Schwarzer, R., Fleig, L., Warner, L. M., Gholami, M., Serra‐Majem, L., Ngo, J., Román‐Viñas, B., Ribas‐Barba, L., Distante, A., Ntzani, E., et al. (2016) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980016002913 · Cited by 16
Developing and evaluating interventions to reduce inappropriate prescribing by general practitioners of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections: A randomised controlled trial to compare paper-based and web-based modelling experiments
Treweek, S., Ricketts, I. W., Francis, J., Eccles, M., Bonetti, D., Pitts, N. B., MacLennan, G., Sullivan, F., Jones, C., Weal, M., et al. (2011) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-6-16 · Cited by 14
“We will use ‘intervention mapping’ [21] to systematically consider combinations of content and methods of delivery; there are likely to be logical combinations.”
Method
Designing a Needs-Oriented Psychological Intervention for Chinese Women Undergoing an Abortion
Wang, N., Creedy, D. K., Zhang, M., Lu, H. S., Elder, E. G., Allen, J., Guo, L., Xiao, Q., & Gamble, J. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010782 · Cited by 14
“We undertook a five-step iter tive approach informed by the intervention mapping (IM) protocol for developing an evaluating health promotion inte ventions [27,28].”
Method
Application of loop analysis for evaluation of malaria control interventions
Yasuoka, J., Jimba, M., & Levins, R. (2014) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-140 · Cited by 13
“Unlike other approaches to map out interventions, such as the intervention mapping approach [22], loop analysis examines the interactions between variables involved in the interventions of interest.”
Background
Development of a self-management intervention for employees with complaints of the arm, neck and/or shoulder (CANS): a focus group study with experts
Hutting, N., Engels, J. A., Staal, J. B., Heerkens, Y. F., & der Sanden, M. W. G. N. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s12995-015-0051-z · Cited by 15
“[32,33] following the process of intervention mapping [34,35] and add an eHealth module for use in employees with CANS persisting for ≥ 12 weeks.”
Method
Synthesising practice guidelines for the development of community-based exercise programmes after stroke
Poltawski, L., Abraham, C., Förster, A., Goodwin, V. A., Kilbride, C., Taylor, R. S., & Dean, S. G. (2013) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-8-115 · Cited by 14
“The Intervention Mapping concept provided a useful framework for the synthesis because of its focus on generating an organised programme plan comprising descriptions of target outcomes, proximal objectives and strategies.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effects of a counselling intervention to improve contraception in deprived neighbourhoods: a randomized controlled trial
Díez, È., López, M. J., Marí-Dell’Olmo, M., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckx046 · Cited by 14
qLessons learned from patients with access to an online self-management enhancing program for RA patients: Qualitative analysis of interviews alongside a randomized clinical trial
Zuidema, R., van Dulmen, S., der Sanden, M. W. G. N., Fransen, J., & van Gaal, B. G. I. (2019) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2019.01.005 · Cited by 14
Development of Coaching Support for LiveWell: A Smartphone-Based Self-Management Intervention for Bipolar Disorder
Dopke, C. A., McBride, A., Babington, P., Jonathan, G., Michaels, T., Ryan, C., Duffecy, J. L., Mohr, D. C., & Goulding, E. H. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/25810 · Cited by 14
“…supported psychotherapies for bipolar disorder, the health psychology behavior change literature, and chronic disease self-management models [25,26,30-32, LiveWell guides users to address specific behavioral targets, including medication adherence, obtaining adequate sleep duration, and…”
Cooperative planning and its utilization in German physical activity promotion: a brief introduction
Gelius, P. C., Jansen, M. W. J., & King, A. C. (2021) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daab170 · Cited by 19
“In this regard, it has clear similarities with intervention mapping (Bartholomew et al., 1998) and health promotion planning [e.g. the PRECEDE–PROCEED Model (Green and Kreuter, 2005)], which also prescribe step-by-step processes involving situation assessment, intervention planning, implementation…”
BackgroundInfluential
Monitoring Interventions
Webb, T. L., & de Bruin, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.037 · Cited by 16
Factors Associated with the Intention to Use Vitamin D Supplements: Quantitative Study among a Sample of Elderly People in a Medium-Sized Town in the Netherlands
Engels, Y., van Assema, P., Dorant, E., et al. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition Education · doi:10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60182-6 · Cited by 14
Development of a smoke-free homes intervention for parents: an intervention mapping approach.
O’Donnell, R., Dobson, R., De Bruin, M., Turner, S., Booth, L., & Semple, S. (2019) · Health Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.5334/hpb.20 · Cited by 13
The person-based approach to intervention development: A scoping review of methods and applications
Holt, L., Denford, S., Bowers, H. M., Kuberka, P., Müller, I., Amlôt, R., & Yardley, L. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241305934 · Cited by 14
Systematic scoping review of frameworks used to develop rehabilitation interventions for older adults
Booth, V., Hood-Moore, V., Hancox, J. E., Logan, P., & Robinson, K. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024185 · Cited by 13
Moving from Needs Assessment to Intervention: Fathers’ Perspectives on Their Needs and Support for Talk with Teens about Sex
Grossman, J. M., Richer, A. M., Hernandez, B., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063315 · Cited by 13
“content and structure and can increase the likelihood that the target group will participate in the program and that it will effectively meet their health needs [31].”
Background
User-centered development of an internet-based CBT intervention for the treatment of loneliness in older individuals
Dworschak, C., Heim, E., Kuhn, N., Schwager, J., Tröster, A., & Maercker, A. R. A. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100720 · Cited by 17
“A main element in these approaches is to assess users' needs and use this knowledge as a basis for intervention conceptualization (e.g., Bartholomew et al., 1998).”
Background
A Smartphone-Based Self-management Intervention for Individuals With Bipolar Disorder (LiveWell): Empirical and Theoretical Framework, Intervention Design, and Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Goulding, E. H., Dopke, C. A., Rossom, R. C., Michaels, T., Martin, C. R., Ryan, C., Jonathan, G., McBride, A., Babington, P., Bernstein, M., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/30710 · Cited by 13
An anxiety management intervention for people with substance use disorders (ITASUD): An intervention mapping approach based on Peplau's theory
Pereira, C. F., de Vargas, D., & Beeber, L. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1124295 · Cited by 17
Homework Hotlines: Recommendations for Successful Practice
Reach, K., & Cooper, H. (2004) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1207/s15430421tip4303_10 · Cited by 13
App-Based Intervention Combining Evidence-Based Behavior Change Techniques With a Model-Based Reasoning System to Promote Physical Activity Among Young Adults (Active2Gether): Descriptive Study of the Development and Content
Middelweerd, A., Velde, S. J. T., Mollee, J. S., Klein, M. C. A., & Brug, J. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.7169 · Cited by 13
“The foundation of the intervention is the definition of the program’s outcomes and objectives [54,55].”
Background
Electronic Health Program to Empower Patients in Returning to Normal Activities After General Surgical and Gynecological Procedures: Intervention Mapping as a Useful Method for Further Development
den Bakker, C. M., Schaafsma, F. G., van der Meij, E., Meijerink, W. J. H. J., van den Heuvel, B., Baan, A. H., Davids, P. H. P., Scholten, P. C., van der Meij, S., van Baal, W. M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9938 · Cited by 13
“…intervention consists of 6 steps (see Figure 1): (1) forming a logic model of the problem; (2) defining program outcomes and objectives; (3) designing the eHealth program; (4) producing the eHealth program; (5) developing a program implementation plan; and (6) making an evaluation plan [20,21].”
Influential
Intervention Mapping and the New Health Promotion
Heaney, C. A. (1998) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/109019819802500503 · Cited by 13
“process incorporates an ecological perspective by (1) encouraging consideration of environmental determinants of health problems and (2) the building of matrices of proximal program objectives at the individual, organizational, and community level.”
Background
Improving adrenaline autoinjector adherence: A psychologically informed training for healthcare professionals
Mahoney, B., Walklet, E., Bradley, E., & O’Hickey, S. (2019) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.264 · Cited by 13
Padres Trabajando por la Paz: a randomized trial of a parent education intervention to prevent violence among middle school children
Murray, N. G. (1999) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/14.3.421 · Cited by 13
“Role model story newsletters developed through the process of Intervention Mapping were mailed to half of a subsample of parents whose children participated in Students for Peace,a comprehensive violence prevention program.”
Method
Developing a novel web-based self-management support intervention for polycystic ovary syndrome: mixed methods study with patients and health care professionals
Percy, C., Turner, A., & Orr, C. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/52427 · Cited by 12
“A number of different approaches were considered for adapting the existing HOPE program, including the behavior change wheel [50] and intervention mapping [51].”
Method
Clinicians’ perceptions on implementation strategies used to facilitate ABCDEF bundle adoption: A multicenter survey
Brockman, A., Krupp, A. E., Bach, C., Mu, J., Vasilevskis, E. E., Tan, A., Mion, L. C., & Balas, M. C. (2023) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2023.06.006 · Cited by 12

Authors: Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., & Kok, G.
Affiliations: The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
Maastricht University (NL)
Corresponding author: Bartholomew, L. Kay
ORCID: Bartholomew, L. Kay
Kok, Gerjo
Venue: Health Education & Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1998-10
Volume: 25
Issue: 5
Pages: 545-563
ISSN: 1090-1981 (ISSN-L)
1552-6127
DOI: 10.1177/109019819802500502
OpenAlex: W1986321933
Cited by: 1,102
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 52 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 25.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Health Education & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Public Health Policies and Education
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Keywords: intervention mapping, health education program development, theory-based intervention design, program planning, needs assessment, program evaluation planning, health promotion
MeSH terms: Decision Support Techniques, Forecasting, Health Education, Health Plan Implementation, Health Planning Guidelines, Humans

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Intervention Mapping: A Process for Developing Theory and Evidence-Based Health Education Programs

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