The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Citizen Satisfaction with Police Encounters
Abstract
This article examines the character and consequences of encounters between police and residents of the city of Chicago. It describes the frequency with which they contacted the police for assistance or support and how often they were stopped by them. Follow-up questions gathered information about the character of those contacts. The analysis contrasts the effects of experiential, on-scene factors with those of race, age, gender, and language on satisfaction with encounters. It demonstrates the great importance of the quality of routine police-citizen encounters, for things that officers did on the spot dominated in determining satisfaction. The personal characteristics of city residents played an important role in shaping who was treated in this way or that and affected satisfaction primarily through on-scene actions by police.
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“An abundant body of knowledge has established that police decisions can be affected by a suspect's race and/or social standing (Alpert, Dunham, & MacDonald, 2004;Mastrofski, Reisig, & McCluskey, 2002;Skogan, 2005)”
From Procedural Justice and Order Maintenance Policing: A Study of Inner‐City Young Men’s Perceptions of Police Legitimacy (2010) · cites this paper as Skogan, 2005
Citations
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Pirnat, U., & Meško, G. (2021) · University of Maribor, University Press eBooks · doi:10.18690/978-961-286-495-8.6 · Cited by 1
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Akinlabi, O. M. (2022) · Palgrave's critical policing studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92919-0_3 · Cited by 1
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“Research examining the nexus between procedural justice and victims’ decisions to call the police has also been examined albeit in a limited number of cases (Kwak et al., 2019; Murphy & Barkworth, 2014; Nix et al., 2014; Skogan, 2005; Socia et al., 2021).”
BackgroundShuai, H., & Liu, J. (2023) · Asian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11417-023-09411-z · Cited by 1
“Regardless, this finding is partially consistent with conclusions from prior research mainly conducted in Western countries (Hale & Uglow, 1999; Skogan, 2005; Wu et al., 2015).”
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“Studies have generally shown that the most negative effects on citizens’ attitudes occur in involuntary contacts (Skogan, 2005), and that procedural fairness therefore becomes even more relevant to the quality of the interaction in authority-initiated contacts (Murphy, 2009).”
den Heyer, G. (2025) · Public Organization Review · doi:10.1007/s11115-025-00844-x · Cited by 1
“A negative perception is generally related to the quality of the contact and the level of respect that a police officer has shown towards a member of the public (Quinton et al., 2000 ; Reisig & Chandek, 2001 ; Skogan, 2005 , 2006 ; Wells, 2007).”
First-response police officers working in single person patrols: a literature review
Anderson, J. M., & Dossetor, K. (2012) · Cited by 1
More Than Blacks and Whites: Theory Development on Immigrant Perceptions of the Police
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Striving for the Impossible? Policing and Territoriality in the Age of the War on Terror
Hansen, S. J. (2020) · Journal of Human Security · doi:10.12924/johs2020.16020009 · Cited by 1
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Bengtsson, T. (2015) · Malmö University Publications (Malmö University) · Cited by 1
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Jorgensen, J. C. (2011) · Arizona State University Library Digital Repository (Arizona State University) · Cited by 1
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A Multi-Method Data Science Pipeline for Analyzing Police Service in the Presence of MisconductPreprint
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Huang, Y.-S., Lan, L. W., & Lin, C. (2013) · Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for transportation studies/Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies · doi:10.11175/easts.10.1930
“…that residents from different cultural backgrounds have different values, attitudes, and beliefs in regards to appropriateness of police practices (e.g., Skogan, 1990; Frank et al., 1996; Maxson et al., 2002; Schafer et al., 2003; Nofziger and Williams, 2005; Skogan, 2005, 2006; Chiu, 2011).”
BackgroundSeron, C., & Pereira, J. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1845813
Public-Police Relations: Officers' Interpretations of Citizen Contacts
Hardin, D. A. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
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Patterns and trends in stop and search: findings from the British Crime Survey and police statistics
Qureshi, F. (2008) · Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University)
Wilson, C. P., & Wilson, S. A. (2015)
Wong, I., Bishopp, S. A., & Schlager, M. D. (2016) · Criminal Justice Review · doi:10.1177/0734016816648187
“There has been considerable academic scrutiny focused on the citizen–officer encounters, particularly those leading to arrests, and on arrestees once they are introduced to the criminal justice system (Mazerolle, Antrobus, Bennett, & Tyler, 2013; Skogan, 2005; Terrill & Paoline, 2007).”
BackgroundWebster, C. M., & Doob, A. N. (2008)
Understanding Fairness, Equality, and Police Legitimacy
Egharevba, S. (2016) · Advances in religious and cultural studies (ARCS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-1088-8.ch001
“…distrust of the police by certain segments of the society has a serious consequence, as it undermines the legitimacy of the police and without legitimacy, the police losses the ability and authority to protect citizens effectively (Horowitz, 2007; Weitzer, & Tuch, 2005; and Skogan, 2005).”
BackgroundPartnership Strategies for a Changing Society: A Comparative Review of the Literature
Mims, D., & Waddell, R. F. (2016) · Journalism and mass communication · doi:10.17265/2160-6579/2016.10.009
Hanser, R. D., Gallagher, C. S., & Kuanliang, A. (2017) · doi:10.1201/9781315436975-21
Unpacking the Foundations of Representative Bureaucracy Theory and American Policing
Kennedy, B. A., Butz, A. M., Lajevardi, N., & Nanes, M. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53991-1_2
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A Review of Victoria Police Cross-Cultural Training
Bruck, D., Stephenson, P., & Dwyer, R. (2013)
Simko, A. (2017) · Digital Commons @ Butler University (Butler University)
Vazakidou, E. (2017) · Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester)
Citizens’ Perception of Police Services in an Oil Boomtown
Huynh, C. (2018) · NDSU Repository (North Dakota State University)
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Kim, H., & 이동영 (2016) · Journal of Korean Public Police and Security Studies · doi:10.25023/kapsa.13.3.201611.93
Experience of Citizen Participation in Police Activity and Satisfaction Towards Police
송봉규, & Park, K. M. (2012) · The Police Science Journal · doi:10.16961/polips.2012.7.2.407
Stavisky, M. (2017) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.32544
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Gau, J. M. (2015) · The Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment · doi:10.1002/9781118519639.wbecpx102
The Impact of a Use of Self Development Intervention on Police Officers: A Case Study
Bauer, N. D. (2019) · UST Research Online (University of St. Thomas - Minnesota)
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“However, the most common reason is that the driver is deemed to commit a traffic offence such as drink driving, speeding, red light running, traffic sign disobedience, and seat belt use (Engel, 2005; Lundman & Kaufman, 2003; Skogan, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialPolice Perspectives of Problem Solving in the Context of Audience Legitimacy
Phillips, S. W. (2020) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paaa094
Charro, F. F., Rosado, D. P., & Lopes, H. S. C. (2020) · WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ADVANCES in ENGINEERING EDUCATION · doi:10.37394/232010.2020.17.5
“According to Skogan, society ́s sources of satisfaction with police are mainly “linked to age, ethnicity/race, and language ability ” [35].”
BackgroundSociološki vidiki življenja in občutkov ogroženosti v ruralnih in urbanih skupnostih v Sloveniji
Ručman, A. B. (2021) · University of Maribor, University Press eBooks · doi:10.18690/978-961-286-495-8.2
Nielson, K. R., Gerber, J., & Huang, W.-C. (2021) · International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/01924036.2021.2015698
“Personal experience is influential to an individual’s perception of police officers (Skogan, 2005).”
BackgroundPolice Legitimacy and Police Encounters
McCluskey, J. D., Worden, R. E., & McLean, S. J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_471
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Soicial Factors and Citizens' Perception of the Police
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Barriers to LGBTI People Accessing Justice in Serbia
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Li, Y., Espinoza, L. E., Hu, C., & Luo, F. (2023) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2023.2263880
“…the importance of the PATP in the contemporary community policing era, a substantial body of studies has been conducted to investigate factors that may impact citizens’ attitudes toward the police (Brown & Benedict, 2002; Landavazo, 2019; Mazerolle et al., 2013; Skogan, 2005; Zhao et al., 2014).”
BackgroundABORDAJE DURANTE LOS OPERATIVOS POLICIALES NOCTURNOS DE SEGURIDAD VIAL EN TEGUCIGALPA
Ramírez, D. R. L. (2023) · UMH - Sapientiae · doi:10.5377/umhs.v4i1.17210
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“Third, unlike prior research in Pakistan (Jackson et al. 2014) and elsewhere, which often relied on data from targeted groups with generalized experiences (Hinds 2009; Skogan, 2005), this study uses cross-sectional data from individuals who directly interacted with the police in Lahore and Peshawar.”
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Ilchi, O. S., Hickling, S. J., & Nummi, J. (2026) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-026-09895-2
“…assessments of direct and vicarious interactions with the police can influence their perceptions of the police (Brandl et al., 1994; Gau, 2010; Rosenbaum et al., 2005; Skogan, 2005), we also include measures of negative direct contact and negative vicarious contact with the police in our models.”
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“…there is a lower level of trust in law enforcement among immigrants (Miles & Cox, 2014; Treyger et al., 2014), as well as racial/ethnic minorities (Skogan, 2005; Weitzer & Tuch, 2005), but there is little evidence as to which of these characteristics may play a larger role in establishing trust…”
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McLean, T. A. (2012) · The Mathematics Enthusiast
Metadata
- Authors
- Skogan, W. G.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Skogan, Wesley G.
- Venue
- Police Quarterly
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 298-321
- ISSN
- 1098-6111 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-745X
- OpenAlex
- W2008344495
- Cited by
- 377
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 35.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Police Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Keywords
- police-citizen encounters, citizen satisfaction, police stops, race, age, gender, language barriers, Chicago
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