Profiling executive dysfunction in adults with autism and comorbid learning disability
Abstract
Executive dysfunction is thought to be primary to autism. We examined differences in executive function between 20 adults with autism and learning disability and 23 individuals with learning disabilities outside the autistic spectrum. All participants were matched for chronological age and full-scale IQ, and were given a battery of tasks assessing fluency, planning, set-shifting, inhibition and working memory. Analyses of the individual tasks revealed very few significant differences between the two groups. However, analyses of composite scores derived for each executive domain revealed that the group with autism showed impaired performance on the working memory and planning tests. Together, these two measures were sufficient to classify participants into their diagnostic groups significantly better than would be expected by chance (75% of the autism group; 65% of the control group). Executive impairments were neither universal nor exclusive to the autism group, and we suggest that an alternative cognitive theory may better explain the cognitive profile we found.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Two MCST studies could not differentiate adults with autism (low and high functioning) from typically developing adults.
“Illustrative in this respect is that two studies that used an adjusted version of this task, the modified card sorting task (MCST) could not differentiate between adults with autism (low [27] and high functioning [8]) and typically developing adults.”
From The paradox of cognitive flexibility in autism (2009) · cites this paper as [27]
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,588 · see citing works
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_121117 · Cited by 20,769 · see citing works
Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions
Stroop, J. R. (1935) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0054651 · Cited by 18,622 · see citing works
Practical Statistics for Medical Research.
Walter, S., & Altman, D. G. (1992) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532320 · Cited by 11,665 · see citing works
Practical Statistics for Medical Research
Altman, D. G. (1990) · doi:10.1201/9780429258589 · Cited by 10,668 · see citing works
Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research
GLASS, G. V. (1976) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x005010003 · Cited by 4,890 · see citing works
Executive functions and developmental psychopathology.
Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x · Cited by 3,150 · see citing works
Benton, A. (1994) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.45.1.1 · Cited by 2,298 · see citing works
The extreme male brain theory of autism
Baron-Cohen, S. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)01904-6 · Cited by 2,007 · see citing works
Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind
Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x · Cited by 1,766 · see citing works
Principles of Frontal Lobe Function
Stuss, D. T. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.001.0001 · Cited by 1,708 · see citing works
The Extreme Male-Brain Theory of Autism
Baron‐Cohen, S. (1999) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4945.003.0023 · Cited by 1,413 · see citing works
Understanding Other Minds Perspectives From Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
Baron‐Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H. B., & Cohen, D. J. (2000) · Cited by 1,187 · see citing works
Evaluating the theory of executive dysfunction in autism
Hill, E. L. (2004) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2004.01.001 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
NEPSY : A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment
Dumont, R., & Willis, J. O. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced1463 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Brief Report: Specific Executive Function Profiles in Three Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Ozonoff, S., & Jensen, J. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1023052913110 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Evidence for executive dysfunction in autism
Hughes, C., Russell, J., & Robbins, T. W. (1994) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(94)90092-2 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
NEPSY, Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment
Kreutzer, J. S., DeLuca, J., & Caplan, B. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_4835 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Intact and Impaired Memory Functions in Autism
Bennetto, L., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01830.x · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Intact and Impaired Memory Functions in Autism
Bennetto, L., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131734 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Methodology Of Frontal And Executive Function
(2004) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203344187 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
NEPSY: A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment
Ph.D., S. G., & Ph.D., J. A. N. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_5508 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Biology of the Autistic Syndromes
Coleman, M., & Cillberg, C. (1994) · Pediatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1097/00001577-199400610-00026 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Disorganisation of behaviour after frontal lobe damage
Duncan, J. (1986) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643298608253360 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
An interactive framework for examining prefrontal cognitive processes
Roberts, R. J., & Pennington, B. F. (1996) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649609540642 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Ozonoff, S., Cook, I., Coon, H., Dawson, G., Joseph, R. M., Klin, A., McMahon, W. M., Minshew, N., Munson, J. A., Pennington, B. F., et al. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000022605.81989.cc · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Findings in High-Functioning Men with Infantile Autism, Residual State
Rumsey, J. M., & Hamburger, S. D. (1988) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688638808408236 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Executive functioning in high-functioning children with autism
Liss, M., Fein, D., Allen, D., Dunn, M., Feinstein, C., Morris, R., Waterhouse, L., & Rapin, I. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00717 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Introduction: Methodologies and Models in the Study of Executive Function
Rabbitt, P. (2004) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203344187-5 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Turner, M. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00432 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Conceptual problem-solving in highly verbal, nonretarded autistic men
Rumsey, J. M. (1985) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01837896 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Neuropsychological divergence of high-level autism and severe dyslexia
Rumsey, J. M., & Hamburger, S. D. (1990) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02284715 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Towards an executive dysfunction account of repetitive behaviour in autism
Turner, M. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780198523499.003.0003 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The biology of the autistic syndromes.
HUNTER, M. (2001) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.85.1.80-c · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Comprehension of concrete and abstract words in autistic children
Eskes, G. A., Bryson, S. E., & McCormick, T. A. (1990) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02206857 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
A Study of Memory Functioning in Individuals with Autism
Mottron, L., Morasse, K., & Belleville, S. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00716 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The Biology of the Autistic Syndromes, 3rd Edition
Castelli, F. (2001) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.70.1.138k · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Belleville, S., Rouleau, N., der Linden, M. V., & Collette, F. (2003) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.17.1.69 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Validity tests of the executive dysfunction hypothesis of autism
Pennington, B. F., Rogers, S. J., Bennetto, L., Griffith, E. M., Reed, D., & Shyu, V. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780198523499.003.0005 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Executive Functioning and Memory Strategy Use in Children with Autism
Bebko, J. M., & Ricciuti, C. (2000) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361300004003006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The paradox of cognitive flexibility in autism
Geurts, H. M., Corbett, B., & Solomon, M. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.006 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Wallace, G. L., Kenworthy, L., Pugliese, C. E., Popal, H. S., White, E. I., Brodsky, E., & Martin, A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2655-7 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Elderly with Autism: Executive Functions and Memory
Geurts, H. M., & Vissers, M. E. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1291-0 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Planning in young children: A review and synthesis
McCormack, T., & Atance, C. M. (2011) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2011.02.002 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities in children with neurodevelopmental disorders
Karmiloff-Smith, A., D’Souza, D., Dekker, T. M., Van Herwegen, J., Xu, F., Rodic, M., & Ansari, D. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1121087109 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Chen, S.-F., Chien, Y.-L., Wu, C.-T., Shang, C.-Y., Wu, Y.-Y., & Gau, S. S. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002238 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Impairments on “open‐ended” executive function tests in autism
White, S. J., Burgess, P., & Hill, E. (2009) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.78 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Memory in autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis of experimental studies.
Desaunay, P., Briant, A. R., Bowler, D., Ring, M., Gérardin, P., Baleyte, J., Guenolé, F., Eustache, F., Parienti, J., & Guillery‐Girard, B. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000225 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Executive and Visuo-motor Function in Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sachse, M., Schlitt, S., Hainz, D., Ciaramidaro, A., Schirman, S., Walter, H., Poustka, F., Bölte, S., & Freitag, C. M. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1668-8 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Cognitive Flexibility in ASD; Task Switching with Emotional Faces
de Vries, M., & Geurts, H. M. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1512-1 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The Triple I Hypothesis: Taking Another(’s) Perspective on Executive Dysfunction in Autism
White, S. J. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1550-8 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Frontoparietal Network in Executive Functioning in Autism Spectrum Disorder
May, K. E., & Kana, R. K. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2403 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Executive Functioning Theory and Autism
Geurts, H. M., de Vries, M., & van den Bergh, S. F. W. M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_8 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Vogan, V. M., Morgan, B. R., Lee, W., Powell, T. L., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, M. J. (2014) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-6-19 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Update on autism: A review of 1300 reports published in 2008
Hughes, J. R. (2009) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.09.023 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A review of executive functioning challenges and strengths in autistic adults
John, T. S., Woods, S. E. O., Bode, T., Ritter, C., & Estes, A. M. (2021) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2021.1971767 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Performance of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders on the Dimension-Change Card Sort Task
Dichter, G. S., Radonovich, K. J., Turner‐Brown, L., Lam, K. S. L., Holtzclaw, T. N., & Bodfish, J. W. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0886-1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Verbal fluency in children with autism spectrum disorders: Clustering and switching strategies
Begeer, S., Wierda, M., Scheeren, A. M., Teunisse, J., Koot, H. M., & Geurts, H. M. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313500381 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Griebling, J., Minshew, N. J., Bodner, K. E., Libove, R. A., Bansal, R., Prasad, K. M. R., Keshavan, M. S., & Hardan, A. Y. (2010) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073809351313 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Dichter, G. S., Lam, K. S. L., Turner‐Brown, L., Holtzclaw, T. N., & Bodfish, J. W. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0742-3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Sappok, T., Budczies, J., Bölte, S., Dziobek, I., Došen, A., & Diefenbacher, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074036 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Load matters: neural correlates of verbal working memory in children with autism spectrum disorder
Vogan, V. M., Francis, K. E., Morgan, B. R., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-018-9236-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Designing Emergency Preparedness Resources for Children with Autism
Edmonds, C. (2016) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2016.1264577 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Autismus bei erwachsenen Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung
Sappok, T., Bergmann, T. J., Kaiser, H., & Diefenbacher, A. (2010) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-010-3098-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Beyond individual differences: are working memory and inhibition informative specifiers within ASD?
de Vries, M., & Geurts, H. M. (2014) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-014-1225-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effects of therapeutic recreation on adults with ASD and ID: a preliminary randomized control trial
García-Villamisar, D. A., Dattilo, J., & Muela, C. (2016) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12320 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Neurocognitive and cerebellar function in ADHD, autism and spinocerebellar ataxia
Cundari, M., Vestberg, S., Gustafsson, P., Gorcenco, S., & Rasmussen, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2023.1168666 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Inokuchi, E., & Kamio, Y. (2013) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.08.010 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Executive functions and pragmatics in children with high-functioning autism
Filipe, M. G., Veloso, A. S., Frota, S., & Vicente, S. (2019) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-019-09975-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Una aproximación a las funciones ejecutivas en el trastorno del espectro autista
Pérez, J. M., & Pérez, I. P. (2011) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.52s01.2010816 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Are Executive Dysfunctions Relevant for the Autism-Specific Cognitive Profile?
Hemmers, J., Baethge, C., Vogeley, K. T., & Falter‐Wagner, C. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.886588 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Developing set‐shifting improvement tasks (SSIT) for children with high‐functioning autism
Saniee, S., Pouretemad, H., & Zardkhaneh, S. A. (2019) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12633 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Lacroix, A., Dutheil, F., Logemann, A., Cserjesi, R., Peyrin, C., Biro, B., Gomot, M., & Mermillod, M. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211062776 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Eycke, K. T., & Müller, U. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316668293 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Detrended fluctuation analysis of EEG recordings for epileptic seizure detection
Adda, A., & Benoudnine, H. (2016) · International Conference on Bio-engineering for Smart Technologies (BioSMART) · doi:10.1109/biosmart.2016.7835461 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Koolen, S., Vissers, C., Egger, J. I. M., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2119-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Teaching Statistics to Struggling Students: Lessons Learned from Students with LD, ADHD, and Autism
Dahlstrom-Hakki, I. H., & Wallace, M. L. (2022) · Journal of Statistics and Data Science Education · doi:10.1080/26939169.2022.2082601 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Wong, A. Y., Bryck, R. L., Baker, R. S., Hutt, S. J., & Mills, C. (2023) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3576050.3576115 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Martínez, K., Merchán‐Naranjo, J., Pina‐Camacho, L., Alemán‐Gómez, Y., Boada, L., Fraguas, D., Moreno, C., Arango, C., Janssen, J., & Parellada, M. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0990-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Comprehension of irony in autistic children: The role of theory of mind and executive function
Song, Y., Nie, Z., & Shan, J. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3051 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorder in older adults with intellectual disability: a scoping review
Maguire, E., Mulryan, N., Sheerin, F. K., McCallion, P., & McCarron, M. (2021) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2021.65 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A specific impairment in cognitive control in individuals with high-functioning autism
Barbalat, G., Leboyer, M., & Zalla, T. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.013 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
de Fockert, J. W., Rees, G. E., Frith, C., & Lavie, N. (2007) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Reed, P. (2018) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00842 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Walter, A., Martz, É., Weibel, S., & Weiner, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1098210 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Challenges Assessing the Conceptual Understanding of Students With Disabilities in Statistics
Dahlstrom‐Hakki, I., & Alstad, Z. (2019) · Learning Disability Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0731948718817222 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Developing a Deeper Understanding of Autism: Connecting Knowledge through Literature Mining
Macedoni-Lukšič, M., Petrič, I., Cestnik, B., & Urbančič, T. (2011) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2011/307152 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Executive and Nonverbal Contributions to Pragmatic Language in Autism Spectrum Disorder
de Marchena, & Ashley, B. (2013) · OpenCommons at University of Connecticut (University of Connecticut) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
An Intervention Strategy for Teaching a Student with ASD to Write Sentences in Response to Prompts
Price, J. R., Lacey, E. A. B., Weaver, V. L., & Ogletree, B. T. (2016) · Reading & Writing Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10573569.2016.1238328 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Twi-Yeboah, A., Cadri, A., Nagumsi, B. A. A., Danso, N. A. A., & Mohammed-Sani, N. (2021) · Central African Journal of Public Health · doi:10.11648/j.cajph.20210702.14 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kreativität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Asperger Syndrom
Weiss, E. M., Gschaidbauer, B., Kaufmann, L., Papousek, I., & Fink, A. (2013) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403/a000126 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
de Vries, M. (2015) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mademtzi, M. (2016) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Holloway-George, C. A., Munro, N., Jackson, J., & Ropar, D. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06952-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pongsaksri, M., Lersilp, S., & Suchart, S. (2017) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2017/2403943 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Text Mining for Discovering Implicit Relationships in Biomedical Literature
Petrič, I. (2010) · Informatica · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Potenciais evocados auditivos de longa latência na síndrome de Asperger: estudo de dois casos
Gução, A. C. B., Romero, A. C. L., Valenti, V. E., Cardoso, A. C. V., Misquiatti, A. R. N., & Frizzo, A. C. F. (2014) · Journal of Human Growth and Development · doi:10.7322/jhgd.72092 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Understanding the Neuropsychology of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Men
Clark, E., Radley, K. C., Huber, R. S., & Jenson, W. R. (2015) · Issues of diversity in clinical neuropsychology. · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7615-4_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Webb, Z., Dodd, K., Livesey, A., Sunak, S., Marshall, C., Harrison, L., & Liddiard, H. (2020) · Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1108/amhid-12-2019-0043 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Profiling Executive Dysfunction in Adolescents with Autism
Rogers, N. R. (2011) · Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine)
Spark, C. R. (2013) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan)
Mak‐Fan, K. M. (2012) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Developing a Deeper Understandingof Autism: Connecting Knowledge through Literature Mining
Macedoni-Luk, M., Petri, I., Cestnik, B., & Urban, T. (2011)
Abrams, D. N. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/14337341
Funkcje wykonawcze a symptomy zaburzeń ze spektrum autyzmu – przegląd literatury.
Pisula, E., & Strząska, M. (2014) · Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego eBooks · doi:10.31338/uw.9788323514442.pp.149-170
Memory for Rules and Output Monitoring in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Yamamoto, K., & Masumoto, K. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04186-8
Becerra, L. A. (2020) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/5d8a-e070
Το αυτιστικό φάσμα υπό το πρίσμα της γνωστικής ψυχολογίας: Επισκόπηση της σύγχρονης βιβλιογραφίας
Κωστάκη, Δ. Σ. (2020) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psy_hps.23756
(2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118269954.refs
L’ergothérapie et l'enfant avec autisme de la naissance à 6 ans
Thommen, É., Dechambre, D., & Rossini-Drecq, E. (2001) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.rossi.2020.01.0037
Volkmar, F. R., Reichow, B., & Wiesner, L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96023-6.00131-7
Persistent Verbal Fluency Challenges in Autistic Adults
Coria, S. A. C., & Braden, B. B. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40858-8_456-1
MODULATION OF AUTISM SYMPTOMS IN A 13-YEAR-OLD BOY BY FOOD SUPPLEMENT JUVENIL
Hrnčiarová, J., Hanusova, A., Horakova, T., Fusek, J., Kubelková, K., & Macela, A. (2025) · Military Medical Science Letters · doi:10.31482/mmsl.2025.006
Prospective memory and executive functions in adults across the wider autistic spectrum
Nürnberg, D., & Altgassen, M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-57092-2
The Intersection of Working Memory and Emotion Recognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Anderson, S. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/4865353
Understanding language in autism spectrum disorder: the role of cognitive control
Koolen, S. (2014) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University)
- Authors
- Barnard, L., Muldoon, K., Hasan, R., O'Brien, G., & Stewart, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Heriot-Watt University (GB)
- Royal Victoria Infirmary (GB)
- Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Corresponding author
- Stewart, Mary
- Venue
- Autism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-03
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 125-141
- ISSN
- 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7005
- OpenAlex
- W2105280926
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Autism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- executive dysfunction, learning disabilities, comorbidities, working memory, planning, fluency, set-shifting, inhibition, cognitive profile, diagnostic classification, adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Intelligence, Learning Disabilities, Male, Memory, Intellectual Disability, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Verbal Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
