Digital photography: communication, identity, memory

May combine two claims.

In the analogue age, personal photography was first and foremost a means for autobiographical remembering, and photographs usually ended up as keepsakes in someone's family album or shoebox.

“In the analogue age, personal photography was first and foremost a means for autobiographical remembering, and photographs usually ended up as keepsakes in someone's (family) album or shoebox.”

• cites Sontag 1973Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Barthes, 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Pictures sent around by a cameraphone are used to convey a brief message, or merely to show affect.

“Pictures sent around by a cameraphone are used to convey a brief message, or merely to show affect.”

May combine two claims.

The cameraphone merges oral and visual modalities, with the visual seemingly adapting to the oral.

“Not coincidentally, the cameraphone merges oral and visual modalities-the latter seemingly adapting to the former.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

The increased deployment of digital cameras, including cameras integrated in other communication devices, favors the functions of communication and identity formation at the expense of photography's use as a tool for remembering.

“Recent research by anthropologists, sociologists, and psychologists seems to suggest that the increased deployment of digital cameras-including cameras integrated in other communication devices-favors the functions of communication and identity formation at the expense of photography's use as a tool for remembering.(Harrison, 2002;Schiano, Chen and Isaacs, 2002;Gary and Gerrie, 2005).”

• cites Harrison, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schiano, Chen and Isaacs, 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gary and Gerrie, 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The rapidly increasing popularity in the use of cameraphones supports and propels this new communicative deployment of personal photography.

“The rapidly increasing popularity in the use of cameraphones supports and propels this new communicative deployment of personal photography.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While the internet allows for quick and easy sharing of private snapshots, that same tool also renders them vulnerable to unauthorized distribution.

“While the internet allows for quick and easy sharing of private snapshots, that same tool also renders them vulnerable to unauthorized distribution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Personal photography has not changed as a result of digital technologies.

“Second, personal photography has not changed as a result of digital technologies; the changing function of photography is part of a complex technological, social and cultural transformation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Part of the digital camera's popularity can be explained by an increased command over the outcome of pictures now that electronic processes allow for greater manipulability.

“Part of the digital camera's popularity can be explained by an increased command over the outcome of pictures now that electronic processes allow for greater manipulability”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Multifunctional appliances combining the camera function with PDA, mobile phone, MP3 players, and global positioning devices substantially affect the way people socialize and interact, and by extension, the way they maintain and consolidate relationships.

“These emerging digital tools substantially affect the way people socialize and interact, and by extension, the way they maintain and consolidate relationships.”

May combine two claims.

The older group generally adheres to the primacy of photography as a memory tool, particularly in the construction of family life, whereas teenagers and young adults use camera-like tools for conversation and peer-group building.

“The older group generally adheres to the primacy of photography as a memory tool, particularly in the construction of family life, whereas teenagers and young adults use camera-like tools for conversation and peer-group building.”

• cites Chiano, Chen and Isaacs, 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Liechti and Ichikawa, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The same manipulability of photographic images may lessen our grip on our images' future repurposing and reframing.

“However, that same manipulability may also lessen our grip on our images' future repurposing and reframing.”

May combine two claims.

There is a significant shift from personal photography being bound up with memory and commemoration towards pictures as a form of identity formation; cameras are used less for remembrance of family life and more towards affirmation of personhood and personal bonds.

“Harrison's field study acquiesces a significant shift from personal photography being bound up with memory and commemoration towards pictures as a form of identity formation; cameras are used less for the remembrance of family life and more towards the affirmation of personhood and personal bonds.”

• cites Harrison, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Showing pictures as part of conversation or reviewing pictures to confirm social bonds between friends appears more important than organizing photos in albums and looking at them, an activity teenagers consider their parents' domain.

“Showing pictures as part of conversation or reviewing pictures to confirm social bonds between friends appears more important than organizing photos in albums and looking at them-an activity they consider their parents' domain.”

• cites Schiano, Chen, and Isaacs, 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Pictures can also be easily manipulated by everyone with the appropriate toolbox.

“and yet the flipside is that pictures can also be easily manipulated by everyone with the appropriate toolbox.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The camera has never been a dependable aid for storing memories.

“in fact, the camera has never been a dependable aid for storing memories, and photographs have always been twitched and tweaked in the process of recollection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

We are witnessing a shift, especially among the younger generation, towards using photography as an instrument for peer-bonding and interaction.

“Clearly, we are witnessing a shift, especially among the younger generation, towards using photography as an instrument for peer-bonding and interaction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Photoblogs have become popular as an internet-based technology in the past three years.

“In the past three years, photoblogs have become popular as an internet-based technology-a type of blog that adds photographs to text and hyperlinks in the telling of stories.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The increased malleability of photographic images may suit one's need for continuous self-remodeling and instant communication and bonding.

“The increased malleability of photographic images may suit one's need for continuous self-remodeling and instant communication and bonding.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Photographs have always been twitched and tweaked in the process of recollection.

“in fact, the camera has never been a dependable aid for storing memories, and photographs have always been twitched and tweaked in the process of recollection.”

May combine two claims.

Photography not simply reflected but constituted family life and structured an individual's notion of belonging.

“Photography not simply reflected but constituted family life and structured an individual's notion of belonging.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The function of memory reappears in the networked, distributed nature of digital photographs, as most images are sent over the wires and end up somewhere in virtual space.

“Instead, the function of memory reappears in the networked, distributed nature of digital photographs, as most images are sent over the wires and end up somewhere in virtual space.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Most digital images are sent over the internet and stored in virtual space.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Digital cameras, cameraphones, photoblogs and other multipurpose devices promote the use of images as the preferred idiom of a new generation of users.

“Digital cameras, cameraphones, photoblogs and other multipurpose devices seem to promote the use of images a the preferred idiom of a new generation of users.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Communication and identity formation are not novel uses, but have always been intrinsic functions of photography, also in the analogue days.

“First, communication and identity formation are not novel uses, but have always been intrinsic functions of photography, also in the analogue days.”

May combine two claims.

One American study of teens aged 14 to 19 reports an incongruence: most describe photos as permanent records of their lives, but their behavior reveals a preference for photography as social communication.

“One American study focusing on a group of teens between 14 and 19 years of age reports a remarkable incongruence between what teenagers say they value in photography and how they behave: while most of them describe photos as permanent records of their lives, their behavior reveals a preference for photography as social communication (Schiano, Chen, and Isaacs, 2002).”

• cites Schiano, Chen, and Isaacs, 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The changing function of photography is part of a complex technological, social and cultural transformation.

“Second, personal photography has not changed as a result of digital technologies; the changing function of photography is part of a complex technological, social and cultural transformation.”

May combine two claims.

Photos are shared less in the context of family and home, and more in peer-group environments: schools, clubs, friends' houses.

“Photos are shared less in the context of family and home, and more in peer-group environments: schools, clubs, friends' houses.”

May combine two claims.

In their bounty, photographs gain value as 'moments,' while losing value as mementos.

“In their bounty, photographs gain value as 'moments,' while losing value as mementos.”

May combine two claims.

When pictures become a visual language channeled by a communication medium, the value of individual pictures decreases, while the general significance of visual communication augments.

“When pictures become a visual language channeled by a communication medium, the value of individual pictures decreases, while the general significance of visual communication augments.”

May combine two claims.

Taking, sending, and receiving photographs is a real time experience, and like spoken words, image exchanges are not meant to be archived.

“Taking, sending, and receiving photographs is a real time experience, and like spoken words, image exchanges are not meant to be archived (Van House, Davis, and Ames, 2005).”

• cites Van House, Davis, and Ames, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The cameraphone permits entirely new performative rituals, such as shooting a picture at a live concert and instantly mailing these images to a friend.

“The so-called cameraphone permits entirely new performative rituals, such as shooting a picture at a live concert and instantly mailing these images to a friend.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Since a sneak-preview allows the photographer to instantly share the results with the photographed subject, there is room for negotiation: the subject's evaluation of her self-image may influence the next posture.

“Since a sneak-preview allows the photographer to instantly share the results with the photographed subject, there is room for negotiation: the subject's evaluation of her self-image may influence the next posture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Computer programs let users change everything in their personal appearance, from lip size to skin tint.

“computer programs let you change everything in your personal appearance, from lip size to skin tint.”

May combine two claims.

The Abu Ghraib pictures were made by digital cameras or cameraphones deployed by army personnel as part of daily work routines, in tune with photography as a ritual of everyday communication.

“Clearly, these picture were made by digital cameras (or cameraphones) deployed by army personnel as part of their daily work routines-perfectly in tune with the popular function of photography as a ritual of everyday communication.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The endless potential of digital photography to manipulate one's self-image seems to make it the ultimate tool for identity formation.

“The endless potential of digital photography to manipulate one's self-image seems to make it the ultimate tool for identity formation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The consequences of reframing and repurposing are particularly poignant when pictures move seamlessly between private and public contexts.

“The consequences of reframing and repurposing are particularly poignant when pictures move seamlessly between private and public contexts.”

May combine two claims.

Pictures once bound to remain in personal archives increasingly enter the public domain, where they are invariably brushed up or retouched to fit contemporary narratives.

“Pictures once bound to remain in personal archives increasingly enter the public domain, where they are invariably brushed up or retouched to (retro)fit contemporary narratives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

To some extent, the camera allows more control over our memories, handing us tools for brushing up and reinvigorating remembrances of things past.

“To some extent, the camera allows more control over our memories, handing us the tools for 'brushing up' and reinvigorating remembrances of things past.”

May combine two claims.

Sharing experience by exchanging digital images almost by definition implies distributed storage; personal live pictures sent around the internet may remain there for life, turning up in unforeseen contexts, reframed and repurposed.

“Few people realize that sharing experience by means of exchanging digital images almost by definition implies distributed storage: personal 'live' pictures sent around through the internet may remain there for life, turning up in unforeseen contexts, reframed and repurposed.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The photographer's choice of frame and angle defines the portraiture, while the referent can still be further modified at the stage of development by applying retouching techniques.

“The photographer's choice of frame and angle defines the portraiture, while the referent can still be further modified at the stage of development by applying retouching techniques.”

May combine two claims.

Memories are made as much as they are recalled from photographs; our recollections never remain the same, even if the photograph appears to represent a fixed image of the past.

“Memories are made as much as they are recalled from photographs; our recollections never remain the same, even if the photograph appears to represent a fixed image of the past.”

May combine two claims.

The military responded to the Abu Ghraib debacle by banning personal photography from the work floor and imposing stricter communication regulations and a prohibition against taking and distributing personal photographs on military premises.

“Rather than condemning the practice depicted by the images taken, the military subsequently ordered to ban personal photography from the work floor; pictures made for private use may no longer be taken outside penitentiaries.The 'incident' resulted in stricter communication regulations as well as a prohibition against taking and distributing personal photographs on military premises.”

May combine two claims.

Most Abu Ghraib pictures were made by prison guards and frequently featured Charles Graner and Lyndie England posing thumbs up in front of prisoners who showed signs of torture or sexual assault.

“Most pictures were made by prison guards and frequently featured two lower ranked members of the armed forces, Charles Graner and Lyndie England; they often posed thumbs up in front of individual or piled up prisoners who invariably showed signs of torture or sexual assault.”

May combine two claims.

Digital pictures more explicitly serve as visual resources in a life-long project to reinvent one's self-appearance, whereas analogue photographs were often erroneously viewed as the still input for static images.

“Whereas analogue photographs were often erroneously viewed as the 'still' input for 'static' images, digital pictures more explicitly serve as visual resources in a life-long project to reinvent one's self-appearance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The shift to the digital has shown that photographs are simply raw material for an endless series of digressions.

“The shift to the digital has shown that photographs are simply raw material for an endless series of digressions.… As images, photographs encourage viewers to move beyond the physical world even as they assert the value of memory, place, and original moments.”

• cites Burnett 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The risk of loss of control is never the direct implication of photography's digital condition, but digital media have made reframing a lot easier and smoother.

“Of course, this risk is never the direct implication of photography's digital condition, but it cannot be denied that digital media have made reframing a lot easier and smoother.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

This cultural condition has definitely affected the nature and status of photographs as building blocks for personal identity.

“This cultural condition has definitely affected the nature and status of photographs as building blocks for personal identity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The condition of plasticity and modifiability, far from being exclusive to personal photography, resounds in diverging cultural, medical, and technological self-remodeling projects.

“The condition of plasticity and modifiability, far from being exclusive to personal photography, resounds in diverging cultural, medical, and technological self-remodeling projects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The shift in use and function of the camera suits a more general cultural condition characterized by manipulability, individuality, communicability, versatility, and distributedness.

“Rather, the shift in use and function of the camera seems to suit a more general cultural condition that may be characterized by terms like manipulability, individuality, communicability, versatility, and distributedness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Before-and-after pictures do not promote perpetual modification of our pictures to portray a better self, but advertise the potential to modify our bodies to match our idealized mental images.

“The most remarkable thing about before-and-after pictures abounding on the internet and on television these days is that they do not promote perpetual modification of our pictures to portray a better self, but advertise the potential to modify our bodies to match our idealized mental images.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Digital doctoring of private snapshots is just another stage in the eternal choreography of the mental and cultural image repertoires once identified by Roland Barthes.

“Digital doctoring of private snapshots is just another stage in the eternal choreography of the (mental and cultural) image repertoires once identified by Roland Barthes.”

• cites BarthesNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Beyond the superficial level, one can remove entire objects from the picture, such as unwanted decorations, or add desirable features, such as sharper cheekbones or palm trees in the background.

“Beyond the superficial level, one can remove entire objects from the picture, such as unwanted decorations or add desirable features, such as sharper cheekbones or palm trees in the background.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Only seconds after its taking, the picture allows a 'sneak preview' via the camera's small screen; the display shows a tentative result, an image that can be deleted or stored.

“Only seconds after its taking, the picture allows a 'sneak preview' via the camera's small screen.The display shows a tentative result, an image that can be deleted or stored.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The choreography of image repertoires, blending mental and cultural imaging processes, resets our control over pictorial memory and implies a profound redefinition of the term.

“The choreography of image repertoires, blending mental and cultural imaging processes, not only seems to reset our control over 'pictorial memory,' but implies a profound redefinition of the very term.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The functions of memory capture, communicative experience, and identity formation continue to coexist in current uses of personal photography, but their rebalanced significance reverberates crucial changes in contemporary cultural condition.

“Even if the functions of memory capture, communicative experience, and identity formation continue to coexist in current uses of personal photography, their rebalanced significance reverberates crucial changes in our contemporary cultural condition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

From the culturally accepted modifiability of public images, it is only a small step to accepting one's own personal pictures as mere stock in the ongoing remodeling project of life's pictorial heritage.

“From the culturally accepted modifiability of public images it is only a small step to accepting your own personal pictures to be mere 'stock' in the ongoing remodeling project of life's pictorial heritage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Anxiety over an individual's ability to control his or her self-image and public imago has not abated since analogue days of personal photography.

“Anxiety over an individual's ability to control his or her self-image and public imago has not abated since analogue days of personal photography.”

May combine two claims.

Control over photographic images is not inscribed in the machine's ontology, and neither does the mind have full sovereignty over the cultural images it allows to enter memory.

“Control over photographic images is hence not inscribed in the machine's ontology, and neither does the mind have full sovereignty over the (cultural) images it allows to enter memory.”

May combine two claims.

Individuals articulate their identity as social beings not only by taking and storing photographs to document their lives, but by participating in communal photographic exchanges that mark their identity as interactive producers and consumers of culture.

“individuals articulate their identity as social beings not only by taking and storing photographs to document their lives, but by participating in communal photographic exchanges that mark their identity as interactive producers and consumers of culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Software packages supporting the processing of personal photographs often bespeak the digital image's status as a liminal object; pixeled photographs are touted as bricks of memory construction, as software is architecturally designed with future remodeling in mind.

“Software packages supporting the processing of personal photographs often bespeak the digital image's status as a liminal object; pixeled photographs are touted as bricks of memory construction, as software is architecturally designed with future remodeling in mind.”

May combine two claims.

Digital technology allows personal pictures to be retouched without leaving traces and manipulated regardless of ownership or intent of the original picture.

“The consequence of digital technology is that personal pictures can be retouched without leaving traces and can be manipulated regardless of ownership or intent of the 'original' picture, evidenced by the anecdote at the beginning of this article, about the student who was unpleasantly surprised to find a doctored picture of herself mailed around to (anonymous) recipients.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The advent of digital photography did not suddenly make people more inclined to photoshop their personal pictures stored in the computer.

“I am not saying, though, that with the advent of digital photography people all of a sudden feel more inclined to photoshop their personal pictures stored in the computer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Abu Ghraib pictures were intentionally taken to be sent home as triumphant trophies or mailed to colleagues, serving as a social gesture of bonding and poaching.

“Intentionally taken to be sent back home as triumphant trophies or to be mailed around to colleagues, the pictures were a social gesture of bonding and poaching.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Digital photography is part of a larger transformation in which the self becomes the center of a virtual universe made up of informational and spatial flows.

“Digital photography is part of this larger transformation in which the self becomes the center of a virtual universe made up of informational and spatial flows”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Image control is still a pressing concern in debates over personal photography in the digital age, even if the parameters for this concern have substantially shifted.

“On the contrary, image control is still a pressing concern in the debates over personal photography in the digital age, even if the parameters for this concern have substantially shifted, adapting to new technological, social, and cultural conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The digital evolution that has shaped personal photography is not an exclusive technological transformation.

“The digital evolution that has shaped personal photography is anything but an exclusive technological transformation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The enhanced versatility and multi-purposing of digital pictures facilitates promotion of one's public image but also diminishes control over what happens once a picture becomes part of a networked environment which changes its performative function upon each retrieval.

“The enhanced versatility and multi-purposing of digital pictures facilitates promotion of one's public image, and yet also diminishes control over what happens once a picture becomes part of a networked environment which changes its performative function upon each retrieval.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Digital photographs let subjects take some measure of control over their photographed appearance, inviting them to tweak and reshape public and private identities.

“In this day and age, (digital) photographs let subjects take some measure of control over their photographed appearance, inviting them to tweak and reshape our public and private identities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Flexibility and morphing apply not exclusively to pictures as shaping tools for personal memory but also more generally to bodies and things.

“Flexibility and morphing do not apply exclusively to pictures as shaping tools for personal memory, but also apply more generally to bodies and things.”

May combine two claims.

A digital camera is a common possession among soldiers; where once photographing war was the province of photojournalists, now soldiers themselves are all photographers.

“A digital camera is a common possession among soldiers.Where once photographing war was the province of photojournalists, now the soldiers themselves are all photographers-recording their war, their fun, their observations of what they find picturesque, their atrocities-and swapping images among themselves and emailing them around the globe.”

• cites Sontag 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The condition of modifiability, plasticity, and ongoing remodeling equally informs all four image-repertoires involved in the construction of personal memory.

“My point is that the condition of modifiability, plasticity, and ongoing remodeling, equally informs-or should I say 'enculturate'-all four image-repertoires involved in the construction of personal memory.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Digital tools and connective systems expand control over an individual's image exposure, granting more power to present and shape herself in public.

“In many ways, digital tools and connective systems expand control over an individual's image exposure, granting her more power to present and shape herself in public.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Memory, like photographs and bodies, can now be made picture perfect; memory and photography change in conjunction, adapting to contemporary expectations and prevailing norms.

“Memory, like photographs and bodies, can now be made picture perfect; memory and photography change in conjunction, adapting to contemporary expectations and prevailing norms.”

May combine two claims.

The framing of a picture is never fixed for once and for all; each re-materialization comes with its own illocutionary meaning, and each reframing may render the original purpose unrecognizable.

“But since the framing of a picture is never fixed for once and for all, each re-materialization comes with its own illocutionary meaning attached, and each reframing may render the 'original' purpose unrecognizable.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A photographed person exerts only limited control over the resulting picture.

“A photographed person exerts only limited control over the resulting picture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Even if still a memory tool, the digital camera is now pushed as an instrument for identity construction, allowing more shaping power over autobiographical memories.

“Even if still a memory tool, the digital camera is now pushed as an instrument for identity construction, allowing more shaping power over autobiographical memories.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Cosmetic surgery configures the human body as a physical resource amenable to extreme makeovers; before-and-after pictures structure subjective self-consciousness and, upon entering the public image repertoire, normalize intervention in physical appearance.

“Cosmetic surgery configures the human body as a physical resource amenable to extreme makeovers; before-and-after pictures structure not only subjective selfconsciousness, but upon entering the public image repertoire, they concurrently 'normalize' intervention in physical appearance.”

May combine two claims.

The subject's power over images entering the mind may not be as manageable as it appears; cultural ideals of physical appearance, displayed through photographs and evolving over time, often unconsciously influence the mind's idealized images of self.

“Vice versa, the subject's power over images entering the mind may not be as manageable as it appears.Cultural ideals of physical appearance, displayed through photographs and evolving over time, often unconsciously influence the mind's (idealized) images of self (Sontag 1973: 85).”

• cites Sontag 1973: 85Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The acceptability of photographic manipulation of someone's personal photographs can hardly be separated from the normalized use of enhanced idealized images.

“These instances divulge that the acceptability of photographic manipulation of someone's personal photographs can hardly be separated from the normalized use of enhanced idealized images.”

May combine two claims.

Recollecting is not simply a revisionist project; anticipations of future selves inform retrograde projections, and these mental image maps feed a desire to impact external camera visions of our selves.

“Recollecting is not simply a revisionist project; anticipations of future selves inform retrograde projections, and these mental image maps, in turn, feed a desire to impact 'external' (camera) visions of our selves (Rose, 1992).”

• cites Rose, 1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Enhancing color and beautifying faces is no longer the department of beauty magazines because individuals may now purchase photoshop software to brush up their cherished images.

“Enhancing color and beautifying faces is no longer the department of beauty magazines: individuals may now purchase photoshop software to brush up their cherished images.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Distributing personal pictures over the internet or by cameraphone intrinsically renders private pictures into public property and diminishes one's power over their presentational context.

“Distributing personal pictures over the internet or by cameraphone, which is now a common way of communication, intrinsically renders private pictures into public property and therefore diminishes one's power over their presentational context.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Some Abu Ghraib pictures allegedly served as screensavers on prison guards' desktops, functioning as office jokes understood by insiders only.

“Some pictures allegedly served as screensavers on prison guards' desktops, another sign of their function as 'office jokes' to be understood by insiders only.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Barthes' four image-repertoires of self intersect and yet never match.

“Barthes' exploration of analogue photography elucidates how the four imagerepertoires of self intersect and yet never match.”

• cites Barthes, 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Previews and reviews of the pixeled image, combined with easy-to-use photoshop software, undoubtedly seduce into pictorial enhancement.

“Previews and reviews of the pixeled image, combined with easy-to-use photoshop software, undoubtedly seduce into pictorial enhancement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Personal photography may become a lifelong exercise in revising past desires and adjusting them to new expectations.

“Personal photography may become a lifelong exercise in revising past desires and adjusting them to new expectations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In the networked reality of people's everyday life, the default mode of personal photography becomes sharing.

“In the networked reality of people's everyday life, the default mode of personal photography becomes 'sharing'.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Digital photography is not the cause of memory's transformation; the digital camera derives its revamped application as a memory tool from a culture where manipulability and morphing are commonly accepted conditions for shaping personhood.

“As stated before, digital photography is not the cause of memory's transformation; the digital camera derives its revamped application as a memory tool from a culture where manipulability and morphing are commonly accepted conditions for shaping personhood.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Contemporary notions of body, mind, appearance, identity, and memory seem to be equally informed by the cultural condition of perpetual modification; new tools are only in tune with the mental flexibility to refashion self-identity and to morph corporeality.

“Contemporary notions of body, mind, appearance, identity, and memory seem to be equally informed by the cultural condition of perpetual modification; our new tools are only in tune with the mental flexibility to refashion self-identity and to morph corporeality.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Photo-paint software permits endless retouching of images, everything from cropping and color adjustment to brushing out red eyes and pimples.

“Besides selecting or erasing pictures, photo-paint software permits endless retouching of images-everything from cropping and color adjustment to brushing out red eyes and pimples.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Digital stock photography uses public images as resources or input to be worked on by anyone who pays for their exploit.

“Digital 'stock photography' uses public images as resources or 'input' to be worked on by anyone who pays for their exploit (Frosh, 2003).”

• cites Frosh, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The photographed image, or the desire to manipulate public imago, has never been outside the subject's reach; since the late 1840s, commercial portrait photographers have succumbed to their patron's desire for idealized self-images by adopting flattering perspectives and applying chemical magic.

“The photographed image-the desire to manipulate public imago-has never been outside the subject's reach, on the contrary.Since the late 1840s, commercial portrait photographers have succumbed to their patron's desire for idealized self-images the way painters did before the advent of photography: by adopting flattering perspectives and applying chemical magic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Awareness that any picture unleashed on the internet can be endlessly recycled may lead to a new attitude in taking pictures, where photographs are potential liabilities in personal life or professional career rather than innocent personal keepsakes.

“The awareness that any picture unleashed on the internet can be endlessly recycled may lead to a new attitude in taking pictures: anticipating future reuse, photographs are no longer innocent personal keepsakes, but they are potential liabilities in someone's personal life or professional career.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

We may hail the increased manipulability of our self-image due to digital photography while at the same time resenting the loss of power over one's pictorial framing in public contexts.

“We may hail the increased manipulability of our self-image due to digital photography while at the same time resenting the loss of power over one's pictorial framing in public contexts.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Pictures of family and friends are visible reminders of former appearances, inviting us to reflect on 'what has been,' but by the same token, they tell us how we should remember our selves as younger persons.

“pictures of family and friends are visible reminders of former appearances, inviting us to reflect on 'what has been,' but by the same token, they tell us how we should remember our selves as younger persons.”

• cites Barthes, 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Our photographs tell us who we want to be and how we want to remember; the abundance of editing tools will affect our desire to brush up our past selves.

“Our photographs tell us who we want to be and how we want to remember; it is hard to imagine how the abundance of editing tools available will not effect our desire to brush up our past selves.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Pictures casually mailed as ephemeral postcards became a permanent engraving in the consciousness of a generation and ended up in America's collective cultural memory as painful visual evidence of its military's hubris.

“Ironically, pictures that were casually mailed off as ephemeral 'postcards', meant to be thrown away after reading the message, became a permanent engraving in the consciousness of a generation; pictures sent with a communicative intent ended up in America's collective cultural memory as painful visual evidence of its military's hubris.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Since the 1990s, people no longer expect indexical fidelity to an external person when looking at photographic portraits, particularly in advertising; almost by default, pictures in magazines, billboards, and many other public sources are retouched or enhanced.

“Since the 1990s, people no longer expect indexical fidelity to an external person when looking at photographic portraits, particularly those in advertising; almost by default, pictures in magazines, billboards, and many other public sources are retouched or enhanced.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Photo cameras have always been important instruments for the shaping of self-identity.

“However, it should be noticed that photo cameras have always been important instruments for the shaping of self-identity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The digital age will set new standards for remembrance and recall: the terms 'true' and 'doctored' will no longer apply to pictures, and neither can we speak of 'true' and 'false' memories.

“The digital age will set new standards for remembrance and recall: the terms 'true' and 'doctored' will no longer apply to pictures, and neither can we speak of 'true' and 'false' memories.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is a conspicuous absence of interdisciplinary research on how digital photography affects the intertwining of mental-cognitive and cultural-material image processes.

“When trying to answer this question, we are confronted with a conspicuous absence of interdisciplinary research in this area.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Our live pictures and pictures of life may become pictures for life, even if unintentionally.

“Our 'live pictures' and 'pictures of life' may become 'pictures for life'-even if unintentionally.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Pictures taken by a cameraphone, meant as expendable enunciations to be shared with co-workers, have a distinctly different discursive power than framed black-and-white ancestor photographs on the wall.

“Pictures taken by a cameraphone, meant as expendable enunciations to be shared with co-workers, have a distinctly different discursive power than our framed black-and-white ancestor photographs on the wall.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Photographs could never be qualified as truthful anchors of personal memory; since the emergence of digital photography, pictorial manipulation seems to be a default mode rather than an option.

“Photographs could never be qualified as truthful anchors of personal memory; yet since the emergence of digital photography, pictorial manipulation seems to be a default mode rather than an option.”

May combine two claims.

The human mind actively produces visual autobiographical evidence through photographs, but also modifies it through pictures.

“The human mind actively produces visual autobiographical evidence through photographs, but also modifies it through pictures-cutting off estranged spouses or throwing away depressing images of themselves when they were still seriously overweight.”

• cites Strange, Gerrie and Garry, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Control over one's 'self-portrait' is a subtle choreography of the four image-repertoires, a balancing act in which photographic images 'enculturate' personal identity.

“Instead, control over one's 'self-portrait' is a subtle choreography of the four imagerepertoires, a balancing act in which photographic images 'enculturate' personal identity.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

A large number of software packages allow users to restore their old, damaged and faded family pictures and also offer to upgrade their self-image.

“A large number of software packages allow users to restore their old, damaged and faded family pictures; in one and the same breath, they offer to upgrade your self-image.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Without acknowledging the profound interlacing of mental, technical, and cultural levels involved in digital photography, we may never understand the intricate connection between identity formation and photography.

“Yet without acknowledging the profound interlacing of mental, technical, and cultural levels involved in digital photography, we may never understand the intricate connection between identity formation and photography.”

May combine two claims.

The flipside of increased manipulability is a loss of control over a picture's framed meaning: pictures amenable to effortless distribution over the internet are equally prone to unintended repurposing.

“However, the flipside of this increased manipulability is actually a loss of control over a picture's framed meaning: pictures that are amenable to effortless distribution over the internet, are equally prone to unintended repurposing.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

When pictures are taken by a digital camera, the subject may feel empowered to steer the photographed or public image because he or she may have access to stages formerly black-boxed by cameras, film roles, and chemical labs.

“When pictures are taken by a digital camera, the subject may feel empowered to steer its outcome (the photographed or public image) because he or she may have access to stages formerly 'black boxed' by cameras, film roles, and chemical labs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Abu Ghraib pictures became evidence in a military trial that incriminated the perpetrators responsible for the abuse but acquitted the invisible chain of command that condoned such behavior.

“The Abu Ghraib pictures became evidence in a military trial that incriminated the perpetrators responsible for the abuse shown in the pictures, but acquitted the invisible chain of command that obviously condoned such behavior.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Networked systems define new presentational contexts of personal pictures, as sharing pictures becomes the default mode of this cultural practice.

“Networked systems define new presentational contexts of personal pictures, as sharing pictures becomes the default mode of this cultural practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The impact of editing software on the profiling of one's personal identity is evident from many photoblogs and personal picture galleries on the internet.

“The impact of editing software on the profiling of one's personal identity is evident from many photoblogs and personal picture galleries on the internet.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Personal digital photography can hardly be confined to private grounds; embedded in networked systems, pictorial memory is forever distributed and perpetually stored in virtual life.

“The lesson learned from the Abu Ghraib pictures-beyond their horrendous political message-is that personal digital photography can hardly be confined to private 'grounds'; embedded in networked systems, pictorial memory is forever distributed, perpetually stored in the endless maze of virtual life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Mental imaging processes do not change as a result of having more access to intermediate layers of photographic imaging.

“Neither am I arguing that mental imaging processes change as a result of having more access to intermediate layers of photographic imaging.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Digital cameras are becoming tools for communication, experience, and identity formation, moving away from their formerly prime functions as memory tools.

“From the above observations we are tempted to draw the conclusion that digital cameras are becoming tools for communication, experience, and identity formation, moving away from their formerly prime functions as memory tools.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It is difficult to conclude whether digital photography has led to more or less control over our personal images, pictures, and memories.

“Returning to the issue of power, it is difficult to conclude whether digital photography has led to more or less control over our personal images, pictures, and memories.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The function of personal photography as an act of memory is increasingly giving way to its formative, communicative and experiential uses.

“The function of personal photography as an act of memory, as we have seen, is increasingly giving way to its formative, communicative and experiential uses.”

May combine two claims.

In May 2004, a series of horrific scenes of torture and violence used by American guards at the Abu Ghraib prison against Iraqi detainees appeared in the press and were subsequently disseminated through the internet.

“In May 2004, a series of the most horrific, graphic scenes of torture and violence used by American guards stationed at the Abu Ghraib prison against Iraqi detainees appeared in the press, and were subsequently disseminated through the internet.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The Abu Ghraib pictures demonstrate the intertwined meanings of personal and collective cultural memory.

“A well known example may clarify the meaning of distributed memory and demonstrate the intertwined meanings of personal and collective cultural memory: the Abu Ghraib pictures.”