Cited by 390Innovative Teaching and Learning MethodsProblem and Project Based LearningProblem Solving Skills Development

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Advancing the Science of Collaborative Problem Solving

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Graesser, Arthur C., Fiore, Stephen M., Greiff, Samuel, Andrews-Todd, Jessica, Foltz, Peter W., Hesse, Friedrich W.·2018·Psychological Science in the Public Interest

DOI 10.1177/1529100618808244

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Abstract

Collaborative problem solving (CPS) has been receiving increasing international attention because much of the complex work in the modern world is performed by teams. However, systematic education and training on CPS is lacking for those entering and participating in the workforce. In 2015, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a global test of educational progress, documented the low levels of proficiency in CPS. This result not only underscores a significant societal need but also presents an important opportunity for psychological scientists to develop, adopt, and implement theory and empirical research on CPS and to work with educators and policy experts to improve training in CPS. This article offers some directions for psychological science to participate in the growing attention to CPS throughout the world. First, it identifies the existing theoretical frameworks and empirical research that focus on CPS. Second, it provides examples of how recent technologies can automate analyses of CPS processes and assessments so that substantially larger data sets can be analyzed and so students can receive immediate feedback on their CPS performance. Third, it identifies some challenges, debates, and uncertainties in creating an infrastructure for research, education, and training in CPS. CPS education and assessment are expected to improve when supported by larger data sets and theoretical frameworks that are informed by psychological science. This will require interdisciplinary efforts that include expertise in psychological science, education, assessment, intelligent digital technologies, and policy.

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“Their collaboration is needed for the analysis of the problem, its causes, and the identification of a solution (Graesser et al., 2018; Saiti, 2015).”
Background
The Effect of a Differentiated Problem-Based Science Program on Gifted Students' Cooperative Working Skills and Problem-solving Skills
Ceylan, Ö., & Topsakal, Ü. U. (2022) · Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.956943 · Cited by 5
A leadership model supporting maturation of high-performance translational teams
Brasier, A. R., Casey, S. L., Hatfield, P. M., Kelly, P. W., Sweeney, W. A., Schweizer, M. L., Liu, B., & Burnside, E. S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1017/cts.2023.598 · Cited by 8
“Factoring individual goals and abilities is essential to collective behavior [114,115].”
Scenario-Based Assessments: Experience from East Africa
Mutweleli, S. M., Mwathe, G., & Mundi, S. (2024) · The enabling power of assessment · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51490-6_9 · Cited by 6
Prayer as collaborative problem solving
Schille-Hudson, E. B., Luhrmann, T. M., & Landy, D. H. (2024) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2024.2349778 · Cited by 8
“According to theories of collaborative problem solving (Graesser et al., 2018), if people are treating God as a problem-solving collaborator, we would expect to see the effects of delegating parts of the problem to God, namely taking parts of the problem off their own plate.”
Influential
Collaboration intensity in innovation: A reconceptualization and empirical validation
Biemans, W. G., O'Keeffe, H., & O’Toole, T. (2025) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2025.05.004 · Cited by 5
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“Then, metacognition develops in the context of problem-solving in collaborative groups (Graesser et al., 2018); skills and awareness (Akben, 2020); and success (Ali et al., 2018).”
Background
Using Automated Planning to Provide Feedback during Collaborative Problem-Solving
Rojas, M., Saez, C., Baier, J. A., Nussbaum, M., Guerrero, O., & Rodríguez, M. F. (2022) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-022-00321-2 · Cited by 5
“This finding is particularly relevant as there is currently little research into the development of collaborative problem solving (Graesser et al., 2018; Graesser et al., 2020).”
How Employee Conflict Behavior Affects Work Engagement: Transformational Leadership as Mediator and Moderating role of Pro-Social Motivation
Mubashir, A., & Siddiqui, D. A. (2023) · International Journal of Social Science & Entrepreneurship · doi:10.58661/ijsse.v3i1.109 · Cited by 5
Supporting metacognitive talk during collaborative problem solving: a case study in Scottish primary school mathematics
Smith, J. M. (2023) · Education 3-13 · doi:10.1080/03004279.2023.2187670 · Cited by 13
“Collaborative problem solving (CPS) skills are an important component of compulsory education (OECD 2017), vital for future education and success in both work and life in general (Graesser et al. 2018).”
Application of Prompt Learning Models in Identifying the Collaborative Problem Solving Skills in an Online Task
Zhu, M., Wang, X., Wang, X., Chen, Z., & Huang, W. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3686981 · Cited by 6
“In international CPS assessments, the two most widely used frameworks are the Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills (ATC21s) and the PISA Assessment [18], and we briefly review these two theoretical frameworks.”
Relating the Learning Styles, Dependency, and Working Memory Capacity to Performance Effectiveness in Collaborative Problem Solving
Sheikhrezaei, K., & Harvey, C. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20037-4_5 · Cited by 5
Team Learning
den Bossche, P. V., Gabelica, C., & Koeslag‐Kreunen, M. (2022) · Professional and practice-based learning · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89582-2_9 · Cited by 9
CoTinker: Designing a Cross-device Collaboration Tool to Support Computational Thinking in Remote Group Work in High School Biology
Musaeus, L. H., Sørensen, M.-L. S. K., Palfi, B., Iversen, O. S., Klokmose, C. N., & Petersen, M. G. (2022) · Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3546155.3546709 · Cited by 5
“Collaborative problem solving was internationally assessed for the first time in 2015 by the OECD as part of the Program for International Students Assessment [Graesser et al. 2018b; He et al. 2017; Peña-López et al. 2017].”
BackgroundMethod
When Instructions Based on Constructive Controversy Boost Synergy in Online Groups
Hémon, B., Cherbonnier, A., Michinov, E., Jamet, É., & Michinov, N. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2132028 · Cited by 5
“For example, Graesser et al. (2018) suggested that such agents could track communication and deliver timely recommendations, e.g., to prevent social loafing, unprofessional language, or to suggest that members redefine their team goal.”
Background
Effectiviness of Student Teams Achievement Division and Scrambel Combined Model on Collaborative Skills and Conceptual Knowledge Mastery of Class X SMAN 1 Semparuk on Bacteria
Alphrazy, R., & Octavia, B. (2023) · Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA · doi:10.29303/jppipa.v9i6.3544 · Cited by 5
“In addition, during collaboration, there is interaction between group partners, this interaction encourages cognitive conflict, reveals differences in each other's knowledge, which improves students' conceptual understanding (Graesser et al., 2018).”
Background
Understanding the Teamwork Challenges of Software Engineering Students
Dorić, L., Luburić, N., Сливка, Ј., & Kovačević, A. (2023) · International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics · doi:10.23919/mipro57284.2023.10159643 · Cited by 5
“Collaboration skills, such as communication, team task management, and solution brainstorming, are crucial aspects of most contemporary professions [3].”
Background
Does student's critical thinking and collaboration skills can empower through investigation and thinking learning strategy?
Listiana, L., Loka, N. M., & Gayatri, Y. (2023) · JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia) · doi:10.22219/jpbi.v9i3.25118 · Cited by 5
Collaboration Skills and Puzzles: Development of a Performance-Based Assessment—Results from 12 Primary Schools in Greece
Demetroulis, E. A., Papadogıannıs, I., Wallace, M., Poulopoulos, V., Θεοδωρόπουλος, Α., Vasilopoulos, N., Antoniou, A., & Dasakli, F. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14101056 · Cited by 5
Sustainable cities and communities – Best practices for structuring a SDG model
Neumann, K. (2019) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/323/1/012094 · Cited by 5
“This kind of collaborative problem solving (CPS) is subject to a psychological science [5].”
Background
OpenMMLA: an IoT-based Multimodal Data Collection Toolkit for Learning Analytics
Li, Z., Yamaguchi, S., & Spikol, D. (2025) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3706468.3706525 · Cited by 5
“Understanding and supporting CPS’s cognitive and social aspects remains a focus of education [13].”
Peer collaboration as a pathway to scientific literacy: Effects of the PEER model training
Videnović, M. P., Stepanovic-Ilic, I., Ivanović, J., Babić, D. P., Jošić, S. M., Krstić, K., Marjanović, Z. J., Dimitrijević, A. A., Zdravković, K. M., Nikitović, T., et al. (2025) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102271 · Cited by 4
An educational model of equity and computing: a study of marginalized student experience during COVID pandemic
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“In addition, the increasing complexity level of modern work makes it necessary that everyone needs to master the collaboration skill in order to function effectively in the twenty-first century (Graesser et al., 2018).”
Multimodal learning analytics for game-based assessment of collaborative problem solving skills among young students
Liu, Y., Ma, Z., Ng, J. T.-D., & Hu, X. (2025) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3706468.3706555 · Cited by 4
Habilidades cognitivas y sociales en la resolución de problemas matemáticos de forma colaborativa
Chandía, E., Huencho, A., Pérez, C., Ortíz, A., & Cerda, G. (2022) · Uniciencia · doi:10.15359/ru.36-1.50 · Cited by 4
Improving the quality of learning through strengthening the lesson study community based on "Competition exploration"
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“Collaboration is carried out to solve existing problems (Graesser et al., 2018; Oliveri et al., 2017; Pásztor-Kovács et al., 2021).”
Background
A Maturity Model for Intraorganizational Online Collaboration
Reeb, S. (2023) · International Journal of e-Collaboration · doi:10.4018/ijec.315778 · Cited by 3
“The increasing complexity of work tasks of knowledge workers represents a central 21st-century challenge and requires collaborative knowledge work (Burrus et al., 2013; Graesser et al., 2018; Marsh et al., 2022; Nelson & Squires, 2017).”
Background
ACTIVE ENGAGEMENT IN COLLABORATIVE ENGINEERING DESIGN: HOW TO MEASURE AND USE IT IN A FEEDBACK SYSTEM?
Farshad, S., & Fortin, C. (2023) · Proceedings of the Design Society · doi:10.1017/pds.2023.46 · Cited by 4
“Teams, through collaborative problem solving, perform much of the complex work in the modern world (Graesser et al., 2018).”
Background
Virtual Agent Approach for Teaching the Collaborative Problem Solving Skill of Negotiation
Johnson, E., Gratch, J. S., & Gil, Y. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36336-8_82 · Cited by 4
Synerg-eye-zing: Decoding Nonlinear Gaze Dynamics Underlying Successful Collaborations in Co-located Teams
Reddy, G. S. R., Eloy, L., Dickler, R., Reitman, J. G., Pugh, S. L., Foltz, P. W., Gorman, J. C., Harrison, J. L., & Hirshfield, L. (2023) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION · doi:10.1145/3577190.3614104 · Cited by 4
“Nevertheless, assessing the skills involved in collaboration and CPS is difcult due to their complexity, involving cognitive and social processes among multiple people [21].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
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Personality differences in flow experience during collaborative problem solving in work teams
Buseyne, S., Danquigny, T., Depaepe, F., Heutte, J., & Raes, A. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105032 · Cited by 4
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Temporal development of high-performance translational teams
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““Collaborative Problem Solving” involves integration of diverse intellectual practices, methods and biases into a common interpretation of observed phenomena [38], resulting in transdisciplinarity [39].”
Background
Project-based learning (PjBL) strategies with gamification
Fazarini, P. F. A., Soepriyanto, Y., & Praherdhiono, H. (2024) · Inovasi Kurikulum · doi:10.17509/jik.v21i3.65253 · Cited by 4
KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH KOLABORATIF CALON GURU IPA PADA PERKULIAHAN BLENDED LEARNING BERBASIS MULTIKULTURAL
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Immersives Lernen für Geringliteralisierte
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Understanding Collaborative Learning Processes and Outcomes Through Student Discourse Dynamics
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“In education, CPS is integral to teamwork and learning [22, 35] as team members work together to define problems, set goals, and monitor progress [22].”
Emotional Intelligence and the Big Five as Predictors of Students’ Performance in Collaborative Problem Solving
Dimitrijević, A. A., Marjanović, Z. J., Zdravković, K. M., Krstić, K., & Nikitović, T. (2025) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence13090109 · Cited by 5
“In this study, we examined some dispositional predictors of students’ performance in CPS, this criterion being a new focus of educational assessment and research (Graesser et al. 2018).”
Influential
Investigating the Factors Influencing Collaborative Problem-Solving in Chemistry Education: A Cross-National Study of German and Chinese Students
Ying, Y., & Tiemann, R. (2026) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-025-10629-9 · Cited by 3
“Graesser et al. (2018) suggest that a significant amount of work should be focused on improving the quality of assessing student proficiency in CPS skills.”
When machines join the moral circle: The persona effect of generative AI agents in collaborative reasoning
Jin, Y., Martínez‐Maldonado, R., Shi, W., Huang, S., Zheng, M., Han, X., Gašević, D., & Yan, L. (2026) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.70067 · Cited by 8

Authors: Graesser, A. C., Fiore, S. M., Greiff, S., Andrews-Todd, J., Foltz, P. W., & Hesse, F. W.
Affiliations: University of Memphis (US)
University of Central Florida (US)
University of Luxembourg (LU)
Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey
University of Colorado Boulder (US)
Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien (DE)
Corresponding author: Graesser, Arthur C.
ORCID: Graesser, Arthur C.
Fiore, Stephen M.
Greiff, Samuel
Foltz, Peter W.
Hesse, Friedrich W.
Venue: Psychological Science in the Public Interest
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2018-11
Volume: 19
Issue: 2
Pages: 59-92
ISSN: 1539-6053 (ISSN-L)
1529-1006
DOI: 10.1177/1529100618808244
OpenAlex: W2902754622
Semantic Scholar: 6b5206e860f258dc3d228eb498005371c19e809c
Cited by: 390
References: 160
Citations by year: 2026: 53 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 42.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
stars.library.ucf.edu
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Gothic.net (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research (submittedVersion)
Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
Social Sciences › Education › Problem and Project Based Learning
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Problem Solving Skills Development
Keywords: collaborative problem solving, teamwork, PISA, interdisciplinary research, employee training
MeSH terms: Cooperative Behavior, Education, Group Processes, Humans, Models, Psychological, Problem Solving

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Advancing the Science of Collaborative Problem Solving

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