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The Bidirectional Relationship Between Exercise and Sleep: Implications for Exercise Adherence and Sleep Improvement
Open accessAbstract
Exercise has long been associated with better sleep, and evidence is accumulating on the efficacy of exercise as a nonpharmacologic treatment option for disturbed sleep. Recent research, however, has noted that poor sleep may contribute to low physical activity levels, emphasizing a robust bidirectional relationship between exercise and sleep. This article will briefly review the evidence supporting the use of exercise as a nonpharmacologic treatment for sleep disturbance, outline future research that is needed to establish the viability of exercise as a behavioral sleep treatment, describe recent research that has emphasized the potential influence of poor sleep on daytime activity levels, and discuss whether improving sleep may facilitate adoption and/or better adherence to a physically active lifestyle. With poor sleep and physical inactivity each recognized as key public health priorities, additional research into the bidirectional relationship between exercise and sleep has significant implications for facilitating greater exercise adherence and improving sleep in society.
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“Kline [7], in a review of the literature, concluded that the three studies that exclusively included patients diagnosed with chronic insomnia had the most robust results regarding insomnia [8–10].”
From Is sleep disturbance in patients with chronic pain affected by physical exercise or ACT-based stress management? - A randomized controlled study (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Although prior research suggests that PA and sleep are bidirectionally related, our findings indicate that associations with PWB appear to operate independently in this sample [34,35].”
From Relationships Between Physical Activity, Sleep, Psychological Well-Being, and Academic Performance Among Native American College Students (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
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“Physical activity and sleep are highly interrelated and bidirectional [34].”
From Relationships Between Physical Activity, Sleep, Psychological Well-Being, and Academic Performance Among Native American College Students (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kline, C. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kline, Christopher E.
- Venue
- American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-08-07
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 375-379
- ISSN
- 1559-8276 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-8284
- PMC
- PMC4341978
- OpenAlex
- W1986793789
- Cited by
- 364
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 9.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL118318)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- physical activity, sleep, bidirectional relationship, sleep disorders, non-pharmacological treatment, physical inactivity, exercise adherence
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