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Cited by 0Health and Lifestyle StudiesPhysical Activity and HealthSleep and related disorders

Relationships Between Physical Activity, Sleep, Psychological Well-Being, and Academic Performance Among Native American College Students

Open access
Sanyaolu, Olutosin, Reeves-Doyle, Brandy, Olaniyan, Afolakemi C., Max, Tarenina, Asala, Adetoun, Osime, Esther·2026·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
DOI 10.3390/ijerph23040491PMC PMC13116137
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Abstract

Background: College students’ well-being is a critical determinant of academic success, and for Native American students, cultural strengths, resilience, and community support are key in fostering persistence in higher education. Alongside these assets, health behaviors are key contributors to psychological well-being (PWB) and academic performance. This study examined how modifiable health behaviors, such as physical activity (PA) and sleep duration, relate to PWB and academic performance among Native American college students. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using a nationally representative sample of Native Americans (N = 1914) from the Spring 2023 American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA) survey. Independent variables include meeting PA guidelines (≥150 min moderate or ≥75 min vigorous/week) and sleep duration (categorized as poor or good). The Diener Flourishing Scale measured PWB. Academic performance was measured based on self-reported cumulative grade averages. Findings: Biological sex and PA were significantly associated, χ2 = 40.60, p < 0.001, with a higher proportion of males meeting PA guidelines. Students with good sleep reported higher PWB than others, F(1, 1817) = 62.08, p < 0.001. Similarly, students who met PA guidelines reported higher PWB, F(1, 1817) = 35.71, p < 0.001. Poor sleep was associated with lower odds of higher academic performance (B = −0.33, p < 0.001). Contrarily, PA was not significant (p = 0.350). PWB was positively associated with academic performance (B = 0.031, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Sleep and PWB are key factors associated with both PWB and academic performance, while PA is associated with PWB. These findings highlight the importance of relevant interventions that promote these factors to support overall well-being, academic success, and retention among Native American college students.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This secondary analysis of Spring 2023 ACHA-NCHA data found that among 1,914 Native American college students, good sleep and meeting physical activity guidelines were independently associated with higher psychological well-being, while poor sleep and higher well-being—but not physical activity—were associated with academic performance. The authors frame sleep and culturally meaningful physical activity as actionable targets for supporting Indigenous student well-being and success.

Key findings

  • In the sample, 45.0% met aerobic physical activity guidelines, 50.8% reported sleeping ≥7 h on average, mean Diener Flourishing (PWB) score was 44.26, and 86.5% reported a cumulative GPA of at least “B.”
  • Students with good sleep reported higher PWB than those with poor sleep, F(1, 1817) = 62.08, p < 0.001, adjusted mean difference = 2.97 (good sleep M = 45.19, SE = 0.30; poor sleep M = 41.33, SE = 0.30). Students meeting PA guidelines also reported higher PWB, F(1, 1817) = 35.71, p < 0.001, adjusted mean difference = 2.18; the PA × sleep interaction was not significant (p = 0.267).
  • Poor sleep was associated with lower odds of higher academic performance (B = −0.33, p < 0.001), while PA was not a significant predictor (B = −0.09, p = 0.350). Higher PWB was positively associated with academic performance (B = 0.031, p < 0.001), but PWB did not moderate the sleep–academic performance or PA–academic performance relationships.
  • Biological sex and PA were significantly associated, χ²(1, N = 1902) = 40.60, p < 0.001; 56.72% of males met PA guidelines versus 40.55% of females. No significant sex differences were found for sleep duration (p = 0.550) or academic performance (p = 0.124).

Methods

  • Secondary data analysis of the Spring 2023 American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA), a web-based survey with 78,024 respondents from 125 U.S. colleges/universities and an 11.0% response rate; the analytic sample was 1,914 students (2.5%) who self-identified as Native American (American Indian or Native Alaskan).
  • Independent variables were meeting PA guidelines (≥150 min moderate or ≥75 min vigorous/week) and sleep duration categorized as poor (<7 h) or good (≥7 h). PWB was measured with the 8-item Diener Flourishing Scale (scores 8–56), and academic performance was self-reported cumulative grade average coded A = 4 through F = 0; covariates were biological sex, age, and academic year.
  • Analyses used SPSS 27 and included descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, chi-square tests, univariate GLM adjusting for covariates, Mann–Whitney U tests, ordinal logistic regression, and moderation analyses; missing data were handled by listwise deletion, and VIF values ranged from 1.00 to 2.00.

Limitations

  • The authors state that the cross-sectional secondary analysis limits control of potential confounders, and that self-report may introduce social desirability or recall bias, including for physical activity, GPA, and sleep duration.
  • The authors also state that sleep duration did not capture other sleep-quality dimensions (e.g., latency, disturbances, daytime dysfunction), and that socioeconomic status, financial hardships, and campus belonging were not accounted for.
  • Evident from the text: the Native American analytic sample was 2.5% of the larger survey and the overall response rate was 11.0%, raising possible selection/generalizability concerns; Levene’s tests were significant for the GLM and t-test, though the authors considered the GLM robust due to large sample size; and the ordinal regression models explained modest variance (Nagelkerke R² = 0.068, 0.088, and 0.084).

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/ijerph23040491

Cites

46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

25 of 33 cited sources checked · 10 supported · 3 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    There are no gender differences in sleep duration for college students.

    “This is consistent with previous research suggesting no gender differences in sleep duration for college students [33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Fatima, 2016, Exploring gender difference in sleep quality of young adults: Findings from a large population study, Clin. Med. Res. source

      The Results report that female participants had longer sleep duration than males, contrary to the claimed absence of a gender difference. The study sampled young adults, not specifically college students; the Results say only a subset attended TAFE/college or university. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premiseown data

    There is no significant influence of gender on academic performance.

    “This finding corroborates broader trends in the literature, which showed no significant influence of gender on academic performance [45,46].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [45] Tsaousis, I., and Alghamdi, M.H. (2022). Examining academic performance across gender differently: Measurement invariance and latent mean differences using bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals. Front. Psychol., 13. source

      The Discussion reports significant gender differences in GPA and verbal performance, as well as in the higher-order general academic ability factor, with females scoring higher. Although it found no significant difference in the quantitative domain, that narrower result does not support a general claim of no significant gender influence on academic performance. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [46] Lagisz, 2018, Gender differences in individual variation in academic grades fail to fit expected patterns for STEM, Nat. Commun. source

      The Results (Moderating effects of subject type: STEM versus non-STEM; page unavailable) report a statistically significant advantage for girls in mean grades in non-STEM subjects and a smaller advantage in STEM subjects. Although the Discussion describes girls’ and boys’ achievements as practically similar, it also states that average female grades were higher. The paper therefore does not support the claim of no significant gender influence on academic performance. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationown data

    Associations of PA and sleep with PWB appear to operate independently in this sample.

    “Although prior research suggests that PA and sleep are bidirectionally related, our findings indicate that associations with PWB appear to operate independently in this sample [34,35].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [34] Kline, 2014, The Bidirectional Relationship Between Exercise and Sleep: Implications for Exercise Adherence and Sleep Improvement, Am. J. Lifestyle Med. source
    • cites [35] Alnawwar, 2023, The effect of physical activity on sleep quality and sleep disorder: A systematic review, Cureus source

      The Review section reports an association between physical activity and sleep quality, supporting part of the cited background statement. It does not report a reciprocal effect of sleep on physical activity; “bidirectional” appears in titles in the References section. The statement about independent associations with PWB in this sample is the citing authors’ own finding, not a finding attributed to this review. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Regular PA is associated with higher PWB levels.

    “Findings from this study support earlier studies indicating that regular PA is associated with higher PWB levels [16,43].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [16] Wanjau, 2023, Physical activity and depression and anxiety disorders: A systematic review of reviews and assessment of causality, AJPM Focus source

      The Results (Review Findings; page unavailable) associate higher physical activity with lower subsequent risks of depression and anxiety. The paper does not establish higher psychological well-being (PWB) levels, a broader positive outcome, and its Limitations note that most studies measured activity only at baseline rather than tracking regular activity. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [43] Firth, 2020, A meta-review of “lifestyle psychiatry”: The role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders, World Psychiatry source

      The section ‘Physical activity and risk of depression’ (page unavailable) reports that higher physical activity is associated with a lower subsequent risk of depression. That supports a link between physical activity and mental health, but it does not establish the claimed association with higher psychological well-being levels; the cited result also concerns activity levels rather than regularity. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Lifestyle factors such as physical activity and sleep duration may play an important role in shaping psychological well-being.

    “Lifestyle factors, such as physical activity (PA) and sleep duration, may play an important role in shaping psychological well-being (PWB) [13,14,15,16].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [13] Fetter, A.K. (2022). Historical Loss and Native American College Students: Impacts on Well-Being and Psychological Distress and the Role of Cultural Protective Factors, University of Wisconsin–Madison. Available online: https://asset.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/YAQRHMBIDA7MA8Q/R/file-319d4.pdf.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [14] Mahindru, 2023, Role of physical activity on mental health and well-being: A review, Cureus source
    • cites [15] Mehta, 2022, Effect of sleep and mood on academic performance—At interface of physiology, psychology, and education, Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun. source
    • cites [16] Wanjau, 2023, Physical activity and depression and anxiety disorders: A systematic review of reviews and assessment of causality, AJPM Focus source

      The Introduction and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) support a role for physical activity in mental health, particularly depression and anxiety. Our copy does not report findings on sleep duration or its relationship to psychological well-being, so it supports only the physical-activity part of the sentence. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims. 12
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 15
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Physical activity and sleep are highly interrelated and bidirectional.

    “Physical activity and sleep are highly interrelated and bidirectional [34].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Kline, 2014, The Bidirectional Relationship Between Exercise and Sleep: Implications for Exercise Adherence and Sleep Improvement, Am. J. Lifestyle Med. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Psychological issues and physical health issues are associated with higher college dropout rates and lower success rates.

    “Research has shown that psychological issues and physical health issues are associated with higher college dropout rates and lower success rates [5,13].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] Lipson, 2022, Trends in college student mental health and help-seeking by race/ethnicity: Findings from the national Healthy Minds Study, 2013–2021, J. Affect. Disord. source

      The Introduction (page not supplied) says mental health problems during college predict lower academic success and that depression is associated with a higher risk of dropping out or stopping out. It does not make the corresponding claim about physical health issues. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [13] Fetter, A.K. (2022). Historical Loss and Native American College Students: Impacts on Well-Being and Psychological Distress and the Role of Cultural Protective Factors, University of Wisconsin–Madison. Available online: https://asset.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/YAQRHMBIDA7MA8Q/R/file-319d4.pdf.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Insufficient sleep is associated with impaired cognitive functioning.

    “Studies have also reported that insufficient sleep is associated with impaired cognitive functioning, further underscoring the importance of good sleep for PWB [26,28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [26] Clement-Carbonell, V., Portilla-Tamarit, I., Rubio-Aparicio, M., and Madrid-Valero, J.J. (2021). Sleep quality, mental and physical health: A differential relationship. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18. source
    • cites [28] Bermudez, 2022, Sleep disparities in the first month of college: Implications for academic achievement, Sleep Adv. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Culturally tailored PA programs are associated with improved mental health outcomes by promoting a sense of identity and community.

    “Previous research has also shown that culturally tailored PA programs are associated with improved mental health outcomes by promoting a sense of identity and community [44].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Rio, C.J., and Saligan, L.N. (2023). Understanding physical activity from a cultural-contextual lens. Front. Public Health, 11. source

      The 'Family and kinship' section says that networking with people from the same cultural background can motivate participation in physical activity, and the 'Ethnohistory' section advocates culturally meaningful programs for improving overall health. Neither section reports improved mental health outcomes from culturally tailored programs or identifies a sense of identity and community as the mechanism; the claim is more specific than the paper supports. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Indigenous perspectives on health emphasize a holistic understanding of wellness that integrates physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, and community dimensions of health.

    “Indigenous perspectives on health similarly emphasize a holistic understanding of wellness that integrates physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, and community dimensions of health [38].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Walters, 2020, Growing from our roots: Strategies for developing culturally grounded health promotion interventions in American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian communities, Prev. Sci. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Poor sleep and low PA levels are associated with poorer cognitive functioning, stress management, and academic outcomes.

    “Previous studies have reported that poor sleep and low PA levels are associated with poorer cognitive functioning, stress management, and academic outcomes [14,28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [14] Mahindru, 2023, Role of physical activity on mental health and well-being: A review, Cureus source

      The Review section (page not supplied) says sleep deprivation harms cognitive ability and reports that exercise can improve cognition and decrease stress tendencies. It does not report an association between poor sleep or low physical activity and academic outcomes, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [28] Bermudez, 2022, Sleep disparities in the first month of college: Implications for academic achievement, Sleep Adv. source

      The Introduction’s “Academic Achievement” section links poor sleep to impaired memory and attention, increased stress reactivity and poor coping, and lower GPA. The General Discussion’s “Sleep and Academic Achievement” section makes the same connection, but neither section establishes the claimed association for low physical activity (PA) levels; exercise is mentioned only as another habit. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Jalali et al. (2020) reported no direct association between sleep and academic performance.

    “However, findings remain mixed; for example, Jalali et al. (2020) reported no direct association between sleep and academic performance [31].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Jalali, 2020, The effect of sleep quality on students’ academic achievement, Adv. Med. Educ. Pract. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Culturally responsive health promotion approaches that incorporate traditional practices, peer support, and community engagement may strengthen resilience and psychological well-being among Native American college students.

    “Culturally responsive health promotion approaches that incorporate traditional practices, peer support, and community engagement may therefore strengthen resilience and psychological well-being among Native American college students [37,38,48].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [37] Burnette, 2017, Historical oppression, resilience, and transcendence: Can a holistic framework help explain violence experienced by Indigenous people?, Soc. Work. source

      The Community and Cultural Factors section describes traditional cultural practices and tribally run services as protective factors, and Future Directions proposes culturally relevant interventions that build on Indigenous strengths. The paper focuses on violence against Indigenous women; it does not establish that an approach combining traditional practices, peer support, and community engagement strengthens psychological well-being among Native American college students. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [38] Walters, 2020, Growing from our roots: Strategies for developing culturally grounded health promotion interventions in American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian communities, Prev. Sci. source

      The Qungasvik exemplar (Relational Restoration; page unavailable) describes community-led cultural activities that build protective factors among Yup’ik youth, and the Intertribal Talking Circle exemplar (Indigenist Community-Based Participatory Research; page unavailable) describes group support and community engagement. These passages support the general possibility of culturally grounded approaches fostering well-being, but they do not establish the claim specifically for Native American college students or directly assess their psychological well-being. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [48] Look, 2023, Developing culturally responsive health promotion: Insights from cultural experts, Health Promot. Int. source

      The Findings and Discussion describe a Native Hawaiian hula-based health program that incorporated cultural practice, community involvement, and supportive relationships among participants. The paper does not study Native American college students or establish that such approaches strengthen resilience and psychological well-being in that population; its reported program concerns hypertension management. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Resilience, social support, and community connectedness are important protective factors for health and well-being among Indigenous populations.

    “Previous research among Indigenous populations also highlights resilience, social support, and community connectedness as important protective factors for health and well-being [49].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] White, 2023, Resilience and health in American Indians and Alaska Natives: A scoping review of the literature, Dev. Psychopathol. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Approximately 50.8% of respondents reported sleeping an average of 7 hours or more.

    “about 50.8% reported sleeping an average of 7 h or more”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants reported low PA levels, with more than half not meeting recommended PA guidelines.

    “In this study, participants reported low PA levels, with more than half not meeting the recommended PA guidelines.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Biological sex and physical activity were significantly associated, with a higher proportion of males meeting physical activity guidelines.

    “The results indicated a significant association between biological sex and PA, χ2 (1, N = 1902) = 40.60, p < 0.001. More males than females met the weekly PA guideline. Specifically, 56.72% of males met the guideline, compared to 40.55% of females.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The model for the moderation analysis of sleep duration and PWB explained a modest proportion of variance in academic performance (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.088).

    “The model explained a modest proportion of variance in academic performance (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.088).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The regression model was statistically significant but explained variance in academic performance was modest.

    “Although the regression model was statistically significant, the explained variance in academic performance was modest.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Inadequate sleep is linked with adverse mental health outcomes.

    “This finding aligns with previous research linking inadequate sleep with adverse mental health outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The biopsychosocial model of health posits that health outcomes are shaped by interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors.

    “These relationships align with the biopsychosocial model of health, which posits that health outcomes are shaped by interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors [36].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Engel, 1977, The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine, Science source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Diener Flourishing Scale has demonstrated good internal consistency reliability, with a reported Cronbach's alpha of 0.87.

    “The scale has demonstrated good internal consistency reliability, with a reported Cronbach’s alpha of 0.87 [42].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Diener, 2010, New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings, Soc. Indic. Res. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Sleep and psychological well-being are key factors associated with both psychological well-being and academic performance, while physical activity is associated with psychological well-being.

    “Sleep and PWB are key factors associated with both PWB and academic performance, while PA is associated with PWB.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Levene's test was significant, indicating unequal variances, but the GLM analysis was considered robust given the large sample size.

    “Levene’s test was significant, F(47, 1777) = 2.21, p < 0.001, indicating unequal variances across groups; however, the analysis was considered robust given the large sample size.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Traditional activities such as walking and dancing help Native American students maintain PA and foster a connection to the culture.

    “As Nez (2024) noted, traditional activities such as walking and dancing not only help Native American students maintain PA but also foster a connection to the culture [22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Nez, R. (2024). Characterization of Physical Activity Levels and Modes in College-Age Native American Adults. [Master’s Thesis, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Sleep duration and PWB each play essential roles in students' academic success.

    “Sleep duration and PWB each play essential roles in students’ academic success, and improving either factor may benefit students regardless of the level of the other.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Health outcomes emerge from interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors.

    “These findings can also be interpreted within the biopsychosocial framework referenced in the introduction, which suggests that health outcomes emerge from interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors [36].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Engel, 1977, The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine, Science source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Sleep was measured using self-reported sleep duration, which did not capture other dimensions of sleep quality, such as sleep latency, disturbances, and daytime dysfunction.

    “Sleep was measured using self-reported sleep duration, which did not capture other dimensions of sleep quality, such as sleep latency, disturbances, and daytime dysfunction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Health behaviors such as PA and sleep may contribute to well-being not only through physiological pathways but also by strengthening cultural identity, social connection, and community belonging.

    “In this context, health behaviors such as PA and sleep may contribute to well-being not only through physiological pathways but also by strengthening cultural identity, social connection, and community belonging.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Academic performance was measured using self-reported GPA, which may not accurately reflect students' official academic records and could be influenced by reporting errors.

    “Academic performance was also measured using self-reported GPA, which may not accurately reflect students’ official academic records and could be influenced by reporting errors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
25 of 25

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Spring 2023 ACHA-NCHA sample of Native American students is nationally representative.

    “A secondary data analysis was conducted using a nationally representative sample of Native Americans (N = 1914) from the Spring 2023 American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA) survey.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Self-reported cumulative grade averages accurately reflect academic performance.

    “This study assessed academic performance based on self-reported approximate cumulative grade averages.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Little is known about physical activity levels among Native American college students.

    “Despite the benefits of PA, little is known about PA levels among Native American college students, as few studies have reported on this population.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Poor sleep is a common problem among college students.

    “Poor sleep is a common problem among college students, and these findings highlight the importance of interventions and proper sleep hygiene, especially for Native American students who may face specific challenges in achieving enough sleep.”
4 of 4

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • ConsistentF(1, 1817) = 62.08reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 1817) = 62.08, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 1817) = 35.71reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 1817) = 35.71, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(47, 1777) = 2.21reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(47, 1777) = 2.21, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(7, 1817) = 18.55reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(7, 1817) = 18.55, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 1817) = 3.98reported p = .046 · recomputed p = .046

    “F(1, 1817) = 3.98, p = .046”

  • ConsistentF(1, 1817) = 21.28reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 1817) = 21.28, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(2, 1817) = 0.47reported p = .627 · recomputed p = .625

    “F(2, 1817) = 0.47, p = .627”

  • ConsistentF(1, 1817) = 1.23reported p = .267 · recomputed p = .268

    “F(1, 1817) = 1.23, p = .267”

  • Consistentχ²(1) = 40.6reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “χ2 (1, N = 1902) = 40.60, p < .001”

  • Consistentχ²(1) = 0.36reported p = .55 · recomputed p = .549

    “χ2 (1, N = 1898) = 0.36, p = .550”

  • ConsistentF(1, 1877) = 14.18reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 1877) = 14.18, p < .001”

  • Consistentt(833.63) = -1.32reported p = .188 · recomputed p = .187

    “t(833.63) = −1.32, p = .188”

  • Consistentz = -1.54reported p = .124 · recomputed p = .124

    “Z = −1.54, p = .124”

  • Consistentχ²(6) = 113.62reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “χ2(6) = 113.62, p < .001”

  • Consistentχ²(182) = 193.24reported p = .27 · recomputed p = .270

    “χ2 (182) = 193.24, p = .270”

  • Consistentχ²(182) = 162.996reported p = .841 · recomputed p = .841

    “χ2(182) = 162.996, p = .841”

  • Consistentχ²(18) = 28.28reported p = .058 · recomputed p = .058

    “χ2(18) = 28.28, p = .058”

  • Consistentχ²(7) = 147.97reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “χ2(7) = 147.97, p < .001”

  • Consistentχ²(7) = 140.68reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “χ2(7) = 140.68, p < .001”

19 of 19

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

  • Sleep-group means do not match the reported difference

    Minor

    The reported adjusted means differ by 3.86 points, not 2.97 points. The reported confidence interval is centered near 2.97, so the means and the reported difference cannot all be correct.

    Reported 2.97 · recomputed 3.86

  • Sex-group means do not match the reported difference

    Minor

    The adjusted female and male means differ by 0.64 points, rather than the reported 0.98 points.

    Reported 0.98 · recomputed 0.64

  • Age-group means do not match the reported difference

    Minor

    The adjusted means for the older and younger groups differ by 2.10 points, not the reported 2.35 points.

    Reported 2.35 · recomputed 2.1

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Authors
Sanyaolu, O., Reeves-Doyle, B., Olaniyan, A. C., Max, T., Asala, A., & Osime, E.
Affiliations
  • Fort Lewis College (US)
  • Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
  • Dillard University (US)
  • Pennsylvania Department of Health (US)
  • East Tennessee State University (US)
Corresponding author
Sanyaolu, Olutosin
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2026-04-13
Volume
23
Issue
4
Pages
491
ISSN
1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijerph23040491
PMC
PMC13116137
OpenAlex
W7153975670
Semantic Scholar
3d3ee80fd5a84d376305bc3b36a2e74fcd82a063
Cited by
0
References
41
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Lifestyle Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords
Native American college students, physical activity, sleep duration, psychological well-being, academic performance, health behavior, eudaimonia, sex differences, grade point average, student retention
MeSH terms
Academic Performance, Psychological Well-Being, Sleep Duration, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Indians, North American, Male, Sleep, Students, United States, Universities, Health Behavior, Exercise, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-27.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-27.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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