The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Racial and Economic Context of Trump Support: Evidence for Threat, Identity, and Contact Effects in the 2016 Presidential Election
Abstract
Donald Trump’s ascent to the Presidency of the United States defied the expectations of many social scientists, pundits, and laypeople. To date, most efforts to understand Trump’s rise have focused on personality and demographic characteristics of White Americans. In contrast, the present work leverages a nationally representative sample of Whites to examine how contextual factors may have shaped support for Trump during the 2016 presidential primaries. Results reveal that neighborhood-level exposure to racial and ethnic minorities predicts greater group threat and racial identification among Whites as well as greater intentions to vote for Trump in the general election. At the same time, however, neighborhood diversity afforded Whites with opportunities for intergroup contact, which predicted lower levels of threat, White identification, and Trump support. Further analyses suggest that a healthy local economy mutes threat effects in diverse contexts, allowing contact processes to come to the fore.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Indeed, there is evidence that threats like scarcity and pathogen prevalence are associated with prejudice [32–40].”
From Ecological and cultural factors underlying the global distribution of prejudice (2019) · cites this paper as [38]
Citations
Cites
Southwestern Social Science Association (2010) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/(issn)1540-6237 · Cited by 13,619
A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006) · Journal of personality and social psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751 · Cited by 9,708 · cited 2×
“Considerable research indicates that greater contact between ethno-racial groups reduces intergroup threat and hostility, while promoting more positive intergroup attitudes and trust (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006; Pettigrew, Tropp, Wagner, & Christ, 2011).”
BackgroundPolitical conservatism as motivated social cognition.
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339 · Cited by 4,904
Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes.
Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741 · Cited by 4,872
The Dimensions of Residential Segregation
Massey, D., & Denton, N. (1988) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/67.2.281 · Cited by 3,490
Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position
Blumer, H. (1958) · The Pacific Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/1388607 · Cited by 3,487
Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations
Davies, I., & Blalock, H. M. (1967) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/588680 · Cited by 2,958
Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.135 · Cited by 2,623
Jurczak, C. A., Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3707481 · Cited by 2,351
Quillian, L. (1995) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096296 · Cited by 2,322
Leach, C. W., van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Spears, R. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.144 · Cited by 1,826
Recent advances in intergroup contact theory
Pettigrew, T. F., Tropp, L. R., Wagner, U., & Christ, O. (2011) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.03.001 · Cited by 1,808
Achen, C. H., & Bartels, L. M. (2016) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400882731 · Cited by 1,736
Bobo, L., & Hutchings, V. L. (1996) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096302 · Cited by 1,562
Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content
Ellemers, E. (1999) · Cited by 1,455
Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Kteily, N., Sheehy-Skeffington, J. A., Pratto, F., Henkel, K. E., Foels, R., & Stewart, A. L. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000033 · Cited by 1,291
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-1143 · Cited by 1,289
Generalized Intergroup Contact Effects on Prejudice
Pettigrew, T. F. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167297232006 · Cited by 1,177
Whites' opposition to busing: Symbolic racism or realistic group conflict?
Bobo, L. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.6.1196 · Cited by 945
Southern Politics in State and Nation
Hesseltine, W. B., Key, V. O., & Heard, A. (1950) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1841217 · Cited by 807
Devos, T., & Banaji, M. R. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.447 · Cited by 790
Opposition to Race-Targeting: Self-Interest, Stratification Ideology, or Racial Attitudes?
Bobo, L. D., & Kluegel, J. R. (1993) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096070 · Cited by 747
Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class
Haney-López, I. F. (2014) · Cited by 747
When Groups Meet: The Dynamics of Intergroup Contact
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2011) · Cited by 709
Collective narcissism and its social consequences.
de Zavala, A. G., Cichocka, A., Eidelson, R., & Jayawickreme, N. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016904 · Cited by 704
McGuire, W. J., McGuire, C. V., Child, P., & Fujioka, T. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.36.5.511 · Cited by 655
On the Precipice of a “Majority-Minority” America
Craig, M. A., & Richeson, J. A. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614527113 · Cited by 611
Group Threat and Regional Change in Attitudes Toward African-Americans
Quillian, L. (1996) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230998 · Cited by 507
Major, B., Blodorn, A., & Major Blascovich, G. (2018) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430216677304 · Cited by 480
Craig, M. A., & Richeson, J. A. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214524993 · Cited by 473
McGuire, W. J., McGuire, C. V., Child, P., et al. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.5.511 · Cited by 466
Prejudice And Minority Proportion: Contact Instead Of Threat Effects
Wagner, U., Christ, O., Pettigrew, T. F., Stellmacher, J., & Wolf, C. (2006) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/019027250606900406 · Cited by 411
Causal effect of intergroup contact on exclusionary attitudes
Enos, R. D. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1317670111 · Cited by 392
Deny, Distance, or Dismantle? How White Americans Manage a Privileged Identity
Knowles, E. D., Lowery, B. S., Chow, R. M., & Unzueta, M. M. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614554658 · Cited by 340 · cited 3×
“White identification was regressed on neighborhood diversity, reflecting the positive association between exposure to non-Whites and identification with Whites (Knowles et al., 2014; Knowles & Peng, 2005).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationEnos, R. D. (2015) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12156 · Cited by 336
Reconciling Context and Contact Effects on Racial Attitudes
Stein, R. M., Post, S. S., & Rinden, A. L. (2000) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/106591290005300204 · Cited by 319
Social Dominance Orientation and the Legitimization of Inequality Across Cultures
Felicia Pratto, B., Liu, J. H.-F., Levin, S., Sidanius, J., Shih, M. J., Bachrach, H., & Hegarty, P. V. (2000) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022100031003005 · Cited by 310
Understanding defensive and secure in-group positivity: The role of collective narcissism
Cichocka, A. (2016) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2016.1252530 · Cited by 278
Concern for the in-group and opposition to affirmative action.
Lowery, B. S., Unzueta, M. M., Knowles, E. D., & Goff, P. A. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.961 · Cited by 265
Self-citationNeighborhood Ethnic Diversity and Trust
Schmid, K., Ramiah, A. A., & Hewstone, M. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613508956 · Cited by 248
Social psychological perspectives on Trump supporters
Pettigrew, T. F. (2017) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v5i1.750 · Cited by 211
Federico, C. M., Weber, C. R., Ergun, D., & Hunt, C. V. (2013) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12006 · Cited by 208
From lynching to gay bashing: The elusive connection between economic conditions and hate crime.
GREEN, D. P., Glaser, J., & Rich, A. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.82 · Cited by 208
White Selves: Conceptualizing and Measuring a Dominant-Group Identity.
Knowles, E. D., & Peng, K. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.2.223 · Cited by 203
Self-citationSchmid, K., & Muldoon, O. T. (2013) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12073 · Cited by 182
Cognitive ability and authoritarianism: Understanding support for Trump and Clinton
Choma, B. L., & Hanoch, Y. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.054 · Cited by 165
Population Ratios and Prejudice: Modelling Both Contact and Threat Effects
Pettigrew, T. F., Wagner, U., & Christ, O. (2009) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/13691830903516034 · Cited by 158
Schlueter, E., & Wagner, U. (2008) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020815207088910 · Cited by 148
Explaining Nationalist Political Views: The Case of Donald TrumpPreprint
Rothwell, J., & Diego‐Rosell, P. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2822059 · Cited by 133
Intergroup Contact and Ingroup Reappraisal: Examining the Deprovincialization Thesis
Verkuyten, M., Thijs, J. T., & Bekhuis, H. (2010) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272510389015 · Cited by 128
Threats to Racial Status Promote Tea Party Support Among White AmericansPreprint
Willer, R., Feinberg, M., & Wetts, R. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2770186 · Cited by 100
Race, Ideology, and the Tea Party: A Longitudinal Study
Knowles, E. D., Lowery, B. S., Shulman, E. P., & Schaumberg, R. L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067110 · Cited by 54
Self-citationEthno-Racial Attitudes and Social Inequality
Samson, F. L., & Bobo, L. D. (2014) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9002-4_21 · Cited by 24
Collective Narcissism and the 2016 United States Presidential Vote
Federico, C. M., & de Zavala, A. G. (2018) · Goldsmiths (University of London) · Cited by 4
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Giles M. W., 1985, Social Science Quarterly, 66, 50
- Goldberg J., 2016, National Review
- Muthén L. K., 2015, MPlus 7.2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jardina, A. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108645157 · Cited by 1,223
Populism in Place: The Economic Geography of the Globalization Backlash
Broz, J. L., Frieden, J., & Weymouth, S. J. (2019) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818320000314 · Cited by 413
“There is substantial evidence that local unemployment or other economic distress interacts with immigration to spur a political response (Knowles and Tropp 2018; Cerrato et al. 2018).”
Rios, K., Sosa, N., & Osborn, H. (2018) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2018.1537049 · Cited by 231
“…Trump felt economically marginalised and threatened by the prospect of immigrants further reducing the number of available jobs in the US (realistic threat), as well as expressed a desire to “make America great again” by reverting to traditional values (symbolic threat; Knowles & Tropp, 2018).”
BackgroundObaidi, M., Kunst, J. R., Ozer, S., & Kimel, S. Y. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302211028293 · Cited by 213
“…replacement in this study were only mediated by symbolic threat, other studies show that Whites’ experience of both aversive economic conditions (i.e., realistic threat) and increased exposure to non-White minorities are associated with feelings of intergroup threat (e.g., Knowles & Tropp, 2018).”
ResultEcological and cultural factors underlying the global distribution of prejudice
Jackson, J. C., van Egmond, M., Choi, V. K., Ember, C. R., Halberstadt, J., Balanovic, J., Basker, I. N., Boehnke, K., Buki, N., Fischer, R., et al. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221953 · Cited by 144
Metadata
- Authors
- Knowles, E. D., & Tropp, L. R.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Corresponding author
- Knowles, Eric D.
- Venue
- Social Psychological and Personality Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-02-16
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 275-284
- ISSN
- 1948-5506 (ISSN-L)
- 1948-5514
- OpenAlex
- W2789793123
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 59.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Psychological and Personality Science (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Russell Sage Foundation (#87-14-04)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Populism, Right-Wing Movements
- Keywords
- Donald Trump, 2016 US presidential election, Trump support, racial threat, racial identification, neighborhood diversity, intergroup contact, local economic conditions, White Americans, ethnic minorities, voting intention, contextual factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
