Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification.
Open accessAbstract
Recent research shows individuals' identification with in-groups to be psychologically important and socially consequential. However, there is little agreement about how identification should be conceptualized or measured. On the basis of previous work, the authors identified 5 specific components of in-group identification and offered a hierarchical 2-dimensional model within which these components are organized. Studies 1 and 2 used confirmatory factor analysis to validate the proposed model of self-definition (individual self-stereotyping, in-group homogeneity) and self-investment (solidarity, satisfaction, and centrality) dimensions, across 3 different group identities. Studies 3 and 4 demonstrated the construct validity of the 5 components by examining their (concurrent) correlations with established measures of in-group identification. Studies 5-7 demonstrated the predictive and discriminant validity of the 5 components by examining their (prospective) prediction of individuals' orientation to, and emotions about, real intergroup relations. Together, these studies illustrate the conceptual and empirical value of a hierarchical multicomponent model of in-group identification.
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The political identity strength scale showed excellent internal consistency (α = .93) and was aggregated to form a composite measure.
“Scale items showed excellent internal consistency (α = .93) and thus were aggregated to form a composite measure of political identity strength.”
From Everyone I Don’t Like Is Biased: Affective Evaluations and the Bias Blind Spot (2026) · cites this paper as Leach et al., 2008
The available indexed passages contain bibliographic information for Leach et al. (2008), but none reports an α of .93 or aggregation into a political identity strength composite. Searches for political identity, internal consistency, and the stated alpha found no passage addressing those claims. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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InfluentialXenophobic Rhetoric and Its Political Effects on Immigrants and Their Co‐Ethnics
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Modeling of food intake is moderated by salient psychological group membership.
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BackgroundThe Many Ways to Be Marginal in a Group
Ellemers, N., & Jetten, J. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868312453086 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“A further difference between the prototypicality and identification constructs is that the extent to which an individual identifies with a group is largely under their own control and reflects an individual’s wish to be associated with the group (e.g., Ellemers, Kortekaas & Ouwerkerk, 1999; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialExpressive Versus Instrumental Partisanship in Multiparty European Systems
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Personal norms in a globalized world: Norm-activation processes and reduced clothing consumption
Joanes, T. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.191 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Bosson, J. K., & Michniewicz, K. S. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033126 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“By gender identification, we mean the importance or centrality of gender group membership to one’s overall self-concept (referred to as centrality by Leach et al., 2008, and identity by Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992).”
BackgroundHow Perspective-Taking Helps and Hinders Group-Based Guilt as a Function of Group Identification
Zebel, S., Doosje, B., & Spears, R. (2009) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430208098777 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“…research that has used more elaborate measures of group identification has distinguished empirically between different latent components and has demonstrated how such different components can have distinct relations to group-based emotions (e.g. Leach et al., 2008; Roccas, Klar, & Liviatan, 2006).”
Self-citationGolec de Zavala, A., & Federico, C. M. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2496 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Ghavami, N., Fingerhut, A. W., Peplau, L. A., Grant, S. K., & Wittig, M. A. (2011) · Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022532 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“…of the overall strength of social identity toward examining how different aspects of identity contribute to well-being (e.g., Ashmore, Deaux, & McLaughlinVolpe, 2004; Leach et al., 2008; Phinney, 1992; Sellers, Smith, Shelton, Rowley, & Chavous, 1998; Umaña-Taylor, Yazedjian, & Bamaca-Gomez, 2004).”
Motivated Shifting of Justice Standards
Miron, A. M., Branscombe, N., & Biernat, M. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210370031 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“…(Cameron, 2004; Karasawa, 1991; Schmitt, Branscombe, Kobrynowicz, & Owen, 2002) to tap the correlated dimensions of group identification found by Leach et al. (2008): self-definition (perceiving the self as similar to the ingroup prototype) and self-investment (feeling positively and sharing a…”
BackgroundThomas, E. F., Zubielevitch, E., Sibley, C., & Osborne, D. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219879111 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Kaakinen, M., Sirola, A., Savolainen, I., & Oksanen, A. (2018) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2018.1544910 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Of these dimensions, the selfinvestment dimension can be seen as closer to the traditional social identity theory approach, whereas self-definition resembles self-categorization (Leach et al., 2008; Postmes, Haslam, & Jans, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialWho We Are and Who Can Join Us: National Identity Content and Entry Criteria for New Immigrants
Pehrson, S., & Green, E. G. T. (2010) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01671.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Team identification, trust and conflict: a mediation model
Han, G. H., & Harms, P. D. (2010) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/10444061011016614 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Likewise, Leach et al. (2008), in their paper on a multi-component model of in-group identification, submit that one of the five components of group identification is individual self-stereotyping.”
BackgroundSternisko, A., Cichocka, A. K., Cisłak, A., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211054947 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“National narcissism is also distinguishable from national identification, which can be understood as the centrality of national identification to the self, ties to fellow citizens, and satisfaction with one’s nation (Cameron, 2004; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundCollective Narcissism and Its Social Consequences: The Bad and the Ugly
de Zavala, A. G., & Lantos, D. (2020) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721420917703 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“…self-esteem (a belief that the in-group is of high value and a reason to be proud; Crocker & Luhtanen, 1990; also called in-group satisfaction; Leach et al., 2008) from collective narcissism (a belief that one’s own group is exceptional but not sufficiently recognized by others; Golec de…”
BackgroundIdentification With All Humanity: The role of self‐definition and self‐investment
Reese, G., Proch, J., & Finn, C. (2015) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2102 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Solidarity with Animals: Assessing a Relevant Dimension of Social Identification with Animals
Amiot, C. E., & Bastian, B. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168184 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Hostile and Benevolent Sexism and College Women’s STEM Outcomes
Kuchynka, S. L., Salomon, K., Bosson, J. K., El-Hout, M., Kiebel, E. M., Cooperman, C., & Toomey, R. G. (2017) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684317741889 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“We expected the links between perceived benevolent sexism and STEM outcomes to be moderated by the strength of women’s STEM identity, defined as the importance of STEM domains to women’s self-concept (Leach et al., 2008; Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992).”
BackgroundThomas, E. F., McGarty, C., & Mavor, K. I. (2015) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430215612217 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Social identification is a multidimensional construct (see Ashmore, Deaux, & McLaughlin-Volpe, 2004, for a review) where these identity dimensions may relate to connection, satisfaction, and self-definition (Cameron, 2004; Leach et al., 2008).”
BackgroundGroup Devaluation and Group Identification
Leach, C., Mosquera, P. M. R., Vliek, M. L. W., & Hirt, E. (2010) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01661.x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Integrative Model of Social Identification
van Veelen, R., Otten, S., Cadinu, M., & Hansen, N. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868315576642 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Note that in their Self-Definition subscale, Leach et al. (2008) conceive of self-stereotyping (and ingroup homogeneity) as a part of social identification.”
Personal control decreases narcissistic but increases non‐narcissistic in‐group positivity
Cichocka, A. K., de Zavala, A. G., Marchlewska, M., Bilewicz, M., Jaworska, M., & Olechowski, M. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12328 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Although in-group identification consists of multiple components (e.g., Ashmore, Deaux, & McLaughlin-Volpe, 2004; Leach et al., 2008), a popular approach sees it as a combination of feeling like a member of an in-group, satisfaction with this in-group membership, and solidarity with and connection…”
BackgroundColvin, R. M., Witt, B., & Lacey, J. (2015) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.011 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Ellemers, N., Sleebos, E., Stam, D. A., & de Gilder, D. (2011) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00784.x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“To be able to specify the psychological processes underlying these effects in more detail, we refer to the distinction between self-definitional and self-investment aspects of the relation between individuals and groups (Leach et al., 2008).”
InfluentialKuppens, T., Spears, R., Manstead, A. S. R., Spruyt, B., & Easterbrook, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.11.001 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“We used the same identi fi cation scale as used in Study 1 (Leach et al., 2008), but now included all 14 items ( α = 0.93).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Effect of Associated Group Identities on Team Identity
Heere, B., James, J., Yoshida, M., & Scremin, G. (2011) · Journal of Sport Management · doi:10.1123/jsm.25.6.606 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“With the opportunity to measure multiple dimensions of different group identities, we are entering a new phase of inquiry (Leach et al., 2008; Roccas et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialOrganizational identification and workplace behavior: More than meets the eye
Blader, S. L., Patil, S. V., & Packer, D. J. (2017) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2017.09.001 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
- Authors
- Leach, C. W., van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., Vliek, M. L. W., Pennekamp, S. F., Doosje, B., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Spears, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 144-165
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2157069646
- Cited by
- 1,826
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 163 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 104.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.vu.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification
- Keywords
- ingroup identification, self-definition, self-investment, self-stereotyping, solidarity, group satisfaction, group centrality, intergroup relations, group identity, multicomponent model, construct validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Culture, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Self Concept, Social Desirability, Social Identification, Stereotyping, Personal Construct Theory
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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