Body composition of children in south-western Nigeria: validation of bio-electrical impedance analysis
Abstract
Bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a non-invasive method of estimating body composition and has the potential to be useful in clinics and for nutrition and health-related research in Africa. We sought to validate BIA for use among a Yoruba population in south-western Nigeria and to use BIA to assess the body composition of a healthy cohort of children. Total body water (TBW) was measured in 92 individuals (53 adults and 39 children) using deuterium dilution; height, weight and resistance were measured by BIA. Multiple regression analysis was used to develop prediction equations for TBW among children only or among all participants. Independent covariates tested in the regression models included the impedance index (height(2)/resistance), weight, age and gender with TBW as the dependent variable. Depending on the model used, between 97% (root MSE=0.7 kg ) and 99% (root MSE=0.7 kg) of the variance observed in TBW could be explained by the impedance index, weight and/or gender; age, however, was not significant in any model. In a separate cohort of 69 children, 5-8 years old, anthropometrics were measured and TBW was estimated using the developed equations. Body composition data are presented by gender and age group. BIA was validated for use among Nigerian children and adults and provides a potentially important tool for research.
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Concerns with applicability were high in 19 studies.
“Concerns with applicability were high in 19 studies [37, 42–59] and unclear [41, 50, 60–69] in 12 studies due to the restricted sample size.”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
Risk of bias was unclear in six studies.
“Risk of bias was high in two [34, 35] and unclear in six [36–41] studies due to the low to moderate (R2 < 80%) coefficient of determination (R2) resulted from the multiple regression models.”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
Out of the 19 equations for under 18 years old, 12 were developed using foot-to-hand technology.
“Out of the 19 equations, 12 were developed using foot to hand technology [37, 55, 58, 59, 72, 73, 75, 76, 100] and seven equations were developed using segmental technology [43–45, 57, 74].”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
As for TBW in under 18 years old, five equations are suitable for both sexes.
“As for TBW, five equations are suitable for both sexes [37, 58, 72, 75, 100].”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
The remaining 12 studies on subjects under 18 years old were performed in different countries around the world and included both sexes.
“Two of these studies were conducted in the USA, where no female participants were involved [55, 76], while the remaining 12 studies were performed in different countries around the world with both sexes included [37, 43–45, 57–59, 72–75, 100].”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
Concerning foot-to-hand technology for under 18 years old, eight equations are suitable for both sexes.
“Concerning foot-to-hand technology, four equations are suitable only for females [55, 76], while eight are suitable for both sexes [37, 58, 59, 72, 73, 75, 100].”
From High-standard predictive equations for estimating body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
Existing BIA literature underrepresents populations of African origin.
“Because of significant underrepresentation in existing literature, we sought to develop and validate predictive equation(s) for BIA for studies in populations of African origin.”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [5]
The study tested its equations against earlier published BIA equations whose development samples Dioum et al. assumed included at least some black participants.
“Performance of developed equations for the prediction of FFM was also tested using all available data (n=362) against previously published equations derived using participant samples which were assumed by Dioum et al. to consist of at least some ethnically black participants (5, 24–32).”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [5]
Only a small number of BIA equations have been created specifically for healthy African-origin groups.
“There are relatively few BIA equations developed specifically for use among healthy African-origin populations (5, 6)”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Leman, C. R., Adeyemo, A. A., Schoeller, D. A., Cooper, R. S., & Luke, A.
- Affiliations
- Loyola University Chicago (US)
- University of Ibadan (NG)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Annals of Tropical Paediatrics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 61-67
- ISSN
- 0272-4936 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-3281
- OpenAlex
- W2004611725
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Tropical Paediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL45508)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK56781, R01DK056781)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
- Keywords
- bioelectrical impedance analysis, body composition, total body water, method validation, prediction equations, children, deuterium dilution, anthropometry, Southwest Nigeria
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Body Composition, Body Water, Body Weight, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Nigeria, Regression Analysis, Sex Factors, Electric Impedance
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