Is the Impedance index (ht2/R) significant in predicting total body water?
Abstract
We investigated the general utility of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and the implications of BIA theory in populations of various ages from infancy to adulthood by developing a single impedance equation. Four subject data sets representing 62 adults, 37 prepubertal children, 44 preschool children, and 32 premature low-birth-weight neonates were combined. Subjects were randomly divided into a development group (n = 116) and a cross-validation group (n = 59). The single best predictor of total body water (TBW) was height2/resistance (ht2/R), which explained 99% of the variation in TBW (SEE = 1.67 kg). The addition of weight reduced the SEE to 1.41 kg. A significant bias was only seen in the preschool children. These results were confirmed in the cross-validation group and the best prediction formula was TBW = 0.59 ht2/R + 0.065 wt + 0.04. We conclude that the impedance index (ht2/R) is a significant predictor of TBW and that there is some improvement in prediction of TBW by inclusion of a weight term.
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The Lukaski and Kushner equations gave estimates unaffected by body weight, but only Lukaski gave unbiased estimates.
“The Lukaski (22) and Kushner (21) equations provided estimates that were unaffected by the participants' body weight, but only the Lukaski equation ( 22) provided unbiased estimates.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [21]
Only a small number of BIA equations have been created specifically for healthy African-origin groups.
“There are relatively few BIA equations developed specifically for use among healthy African-origin populations (5, 6)”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
The study tested its equations against earlier published BIA equations whose development samples Dioum et al. assumed included at least some black participants.
“Performance of developed equations for the prediction of FFM was also tested using all available data (n=362) against previously published equations derived using participant samples which were assumed by Dioum et al. to consist of at least some ethnically black participants (5, 24–32).”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
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- Authors
- Kushner, R., Schoeller, D., Fjeld, C., & Danford, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kushner, R
- ORCID
- Kushner, R
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1992-11
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 835-839
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1959993644
- Cited by
- 374
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-30031, R01DK030031)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy
- Keywords
- bioelectrical impedance analysis, total body water, impedance index, children, neonates, low birth weight, body composition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Body Composition, Body Water, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Electric Impedance
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