The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Nijmegen Questionnaire and dysfunctional breathing
Open accessAbstract
The Nijmegen Questionnaire was introduced over 30 years ago as a screening tool to detect patients with hyperventilation complaints that could benefit from breathing regulation through capnographic feedback [1]. It was validated against the Hyperventilation Provocation Test [2], on the assumption at the time that hypocapnia was causally related to complaints. In later studies, the correlation between Nijmegen Questionnaire scores and carbon dioxide tensions appeared highly variable. The diagnosis of hyperventilation syndrome (HVS) was questioned and slowly disappeared. Nevertheless, the Nijmegen Questionnaire has remained in use and we have noticed even a recent increase in studies in clinical medicine as well as requests for permission to use the Nijmegen Questionnaire in new studies. We would like to formally declare here that the Nijmegen Questionnaire is not copyrighted and is free to use. It has been or will be translated, as far as we know, into Greek, Farsi, Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish, Spanish, Filipino and Chinese. However, the validity of the Nijmegen Questionnaire is often a point of discussion and we would like to make a few comments on that issue [3]. The Nijmegen Questionnaire is useful to quantify and assess the normality of subjective sensations <http://ow.ly/MBJj1>
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“Assuming an expected average Nijmegen score of 34 among patients with HVS,43 and aiming to reduce the score of these same patients to the normal range (i.e., score of 23), the expected difference was set at 11 points.”
From Physiotherapy Education and Breathing Retraining for Patients With Hyperventilation Syndrome: An Observational Study (2026) · cites this paper as [43]
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Efficacy of Nijmegen questionnaire in recognition of the hyperventilation syndrome
van Dixhoorn, J., & Duivenvoorden, H. J. (1985) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(85)90042-x · Cited by 445
The Unpleasantness of Perceived Dyspnea Is Processed in the Anterior Insula and Amygdala
von Leupoldt, A., Sommer, T., Kegat, S., Baumann, H. J., Klose, H., Dahme, B., & Büchel, C. (2008) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200712-1821oc · Cited by 302
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Holloway, E. A., & West, R. J. (2007) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2006.076430 · Cited by 170
The prevalence of dysfunctional breathing in adults in the community with and without asthma
Thomas, M., McKinley, R. K., Freeman, E., Foy, C., & Price, D. (2005) · Primary Care Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1016/j.pcrj.2004.10.007 · Cited by 166
Getting to grips with ‘dysfunctional breathing’
Barker, N., & Everard, M. L. (2015) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2014.10.001 · Cited by 131
Han, J. N., Stegen, K., De Valck, C., Clément, J., & Van de Woestijne, K. P. (1996) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(96)00220-6 · Cited by 106
Hyperventilation in asthma: A validation study of the Nijmegen Questionnaire – NQ
Grammatopoulou, E. P., Skordilis, E. K., Georgoudis, G., Haniotou, A., Evangelodimou, A., Fildissis, G., Katsoulas, T., & Kalagiakos, P. (2014) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.3109/02770903.2014.922190 · Cited by 104
Affective neural circuitry and mind–body influences in asthma
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Courtney, R., Greenwood, K. M., & Cohen, M. (2011) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.06.004 · Cited by 96
Research works printed but not linked: 4
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- Doorn, 1983, Een vragenlijst voor hyperventilatieklachten, De Psycholoog, 18, 573
- Van Dixhoorn, 1985, Hyperventilatieklachten in de fysiotherapiepraktijk, Ned T Fysiotherapie, 95–7/8, 167
- Van Dixhoorn, 1997, Hyperventilation and dysfunctional breathing, Biol Psychol, 46, 90
Cited by
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Montani, D., Savale, L., Noël, N., Meyrignac, O., Colle, R., Gasnier, M., Corruble, E., Beurnier, A., Jutant, E., Pham, T. O., et al. (2022) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0185-2021 · Cited by 277
Breathing exercises for adults with asthma
Santino, T. A., Chaves, G. S., Freitas, D. A., Fregonezi, G. A., & Mendonça, K. M. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001277.pub4 · Cited by 185
Dysfunctional breathing: what do we know?
Vidotto, L. S., Carvalho, C. R. F. D., Harvey, A., & Jones, M. (2019) · Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia · doi:10.1590/1806-3713/e20170347 · Cited by 116
Novel assessment tool to detect breathing pattern disorder in patients with refractory asthma
Todd, S., Walsted, E. S., Grillo, L., Livingston, R., Menzies‐Gow, A., & Hull, J. H. (2018) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/resp.13173 · Cited by 96
Depiazzi, J., & Everard, M. L. (2016) · Breathe · doi:10.1183/20734735.007216 · Cited by 88
Metadata
- Authors
- van Dixhoorn, J., & Folgering, H.
- Venue
- ERJ Open Research
- Publisher
- European Respiratory Society (ERS)
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 00001-2015
- ISSN
- 2312-0541 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5005127
- OpenAlex
- W2152691399
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 5.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- ERJ Open Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory and Cough-Related Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Nijmegen questionnaire, hyperventilation syndrome, dysfunctional breathing, screening tool, questionnaire validity, hypocapnia, carbon dioxide tension, respiratory control
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