Duodenal and faecal microbiota of celiac children: molecular, phenotype and metabolome characterization
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Background: Epidemiology of celiac disease (CD) is increasing. CD mainly presents in early childhood with small intestinal villous atrophy and signs of malabsorption. Compared to healthy individuals, CD patients seemed to be characterized by higher numbers of Gram-negative bacteria and lower numbers Gram-positive bacteria. Results: This study aimed at investigating the microbiota and metabolome of 19 celiac disease children under gluten-free diet (treated celiac disease, T-CD) and 15 non-celiac children (HC). PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses by universal and group-specific primers were carried out in duodenal biopsies and faecal samples. Based on the number of PCR-DGGE bands, the diversity of Eubacteria was the higher in duodenal biopsies of T-CD than HC children. Bifidobacteria were only found in faecal samples. With a few exceptions, PCR-DGGE profiles of faecal samples for Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria differed between T-CD and HC. As shown by culture-dependent methods, the levels of Lactobacillus , Enterococcus and Bifidobacteria were confirmed to be significantly higher ( P = 0.028; P = 0.019; and P = 0.023, respectively) in fecal samples of HC than in T-CD children. On the contrary, cell counts (CFU/ml) of presumptive Bacteroides , Staphylococcus , Salmonella , Shighella and Klebsiella were significantly higher ( P = 0.014) in T-CD compared to HC children. Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus plantarum were the species most diffusely identified. This latter species was also found in all duodenal biopsies of T-CD and HC children. Other bacterial species were identified only in T-CD or HC faecal samples. As shown by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA-PCR analysis, the percentage of strains identified as lactobacilli significantly ( P = 0.011) differed between T-CD (ca. 26.5%) and HC (ca. 34.6%) groups. The metabolome of T-CD and HC children was studied using faecal and urine samples which were analyzed by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry-solid-phase microextraction and 1 H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. As shown by Canonical Discriminant Analysis of Principal Coordinates, the levels of volatile organic compounds and free amino acids in faecal and/or urine samples were markedly affected by CD. Conclusion: As shown by the parallel microbiology and metabolome approach, the gluten-free diet lasting at least two years did not completely restore the microbiota and, consequently, the metabolome of CD children. Some molecules (e.g., ethyl-acetate and octyl-acetate, some short chain fatty acids and free amino acids, and glutamine) seems to be metabolic signatures of CD.
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In healthy subjects, gluten-free diet is associated with reduction of beneficial gut bacteria populations, increase in opportunistic pathogens, and immune-suppressive effects.
“Evidences on healthy subjects showed that gluten-free diet has been associated with the reduction of beneficial gut bacteria populations, the increase in opportunistic pathogens and with immune-suppressive effects [100,101,102].”
From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [101]
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Self-citationNew perspectives on probiotics in health and disease
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Pathophysiology of Celiac Disease
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The Gut Microbiota in Celiac Disease and probiotics
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Higher Prevalence and Abundance of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus in the Human Gut of Healthy Subjects
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Short chain fatty acids, a possible treatment option for autoimmune diseases
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Self-citationMapping of Immune-Mediated Disease Genes
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Intestinal Microbiota and Probiotics in Celiac Disease
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Implications of Diet and The Gut Microbiome in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases
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A microbiota-centric view of diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract
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Salivary Microbiota and Metabolome Associated with Celiac Disease
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Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
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The Gut Microbiome Feelings of the Brain: A Perspective for Non-Microbiologists
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Role of microbiota short-chain fatty acids in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases
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Upper gastrointestinal microbiota and digestive diseases
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Gut Microbiota in Celiac Disease: Is There Any Role for Probiotics?
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Gastrointestinal microbiome and gluten in celiac disease
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Celiac Disease and Neurological Manifestations: From Gluten to Neuroinflammation
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Bones of Contention: Bone Mineral Density Recovery in Celiac Disease—A Systematic Review
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The human microbiome and metabolomics: Current concepts and applications
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- Authors
- Di Cagno, R., De Angelis, M., De Pasquale, I., Ndagijimana, M., Vernocchi, P., Ricciuti, P., Gagliardi, F., Laghi, L., Crecchio, C., Guerzoni, M. E., Gobbetti, M., & Francavilla, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Bologna (IT)
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Microbiology
- Published
- 2011-10-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 219-219
- ISSN
- 1471-2180 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3206437
- OpenAlex
- W2048710178
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 6.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Celiac Disease Research and Management
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- celiac disease, pediatric celiac disease, duodenal microbiota, fecal microbiota, gluten-free diet, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum, gut metabolome, urinary metabolites, fecal metabolites, bacterial diversity, Enterobacteriaceae, small intestinal villous atrophy
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Celiac Disease, Child, Child, Preschool, Duodenum, Feces, Female, Humans, Male, Phenotype, Phylogeny, Urine, Case-Control Studies, Metagenome, Metabolome, Volatile Organic Compounds
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